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i 


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1  2  3 


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4  5  6 


A 


^/ 


COL,  HENRY  BOUQUET 


AND 


HIS  CAMPAIGNS 


OF 


1763  AND  1764. 


BY  REV.  CYRUS  CORT, 

OF   GREENCASTLE,  FRANKLIN   COUNTY,  PA. 


LANCASTER,  PA. 

STBIMMAN  &  HSNSKL,   PRIIfTEBS. 

1883. 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tJie  year  1883,  by 

CYRUS    COKT, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Lihi-arlan  ot  Congress,  at  Washington 

All  Kights  Reserved. 


TO  THE  PRECIOUS  MEMORY  OF 

BEATRICE  BYERLY, 

WHO  ESCAPED  PONTIAC'S  CONFEDERATES  AND  BORE  HER  TENDER 
BABES  THROUGH  THE  WILDERNESS  FROM  BUSHY  RUN  TO  FORT 
LIGONIER,  IN  feS;  WHO  ORGANIZED  AND  CONDUCTED  A  SUN- 
DAY SCHOOL  AT  FORT  WALTHOUR,  IN  WESTMORELAND  COUNTY, 
PENNSYLVANIA,  DURING  THE  DARK  AND  DANGEROUS  DAYS  OF 
THE  REVOLUTION,  AND  WHO  WAS  A  BLESS'NG  TO  HUNDREDS  OF 
PIONEER  SETTLERS  BY  HER  DEEDS  OF  CHRISTIAN  CHARITY  AND 
PATRIOTIC  DEVOTION  DURING  A  LONG  AND  EVENTFUL  LIFE  ON 
THE  FRONTIERS.  THIS  LITTLE  VOLUME  IS  DEDICATED  BY  ONE 
OF  HER  GRATEFUL  DESCENDANTS. 

THOUGH  HEAVEN  AI.ONE  RECOROS  THE  TEAR, 
AND  FAME  SHALL   NEVER  KNOW  HER  STORY, 
HER   HEART  HAS  SHEO   A   DROP  AS  DEAR 
AS  E'ER  QEDEWED  THE  FIELD  OF  GLORY.' 


^S^^^^f^^ 


^^^  rJf^^ 


3si^'m 


/ ^'     TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Introductt^Ol^.  ..':.y. ' 

Bouquet's  BiPrtFplace, 4 

Bouquet  Leaves  Home 6 

How  he  Spent  Leisure  Time, 7 

Enters.  Piitish  Service— Royal  Americans, 8 

Goes  lo  Philadelphia, 9 

Forbes'  Expedition  and  Dispute  with  Washington, lo 

Bouquet  in  Command i6 

Byerly  at  Bushy  Run 1 7 

Pontiac's  Conspiracy, i8 

Siege  of  Detroit, 20 

Siege  of  Forts  Pitt  and  Ligonier, 21 

Flight  of  Byerlys  to  Fort  Ligonier 23 

Defence  of  Forts  Ligonier  and  Bedford, 27 

The  Situation  at  Carlisle 30 

The  March  to  Bedford, 33 

The  March  to  Ligonier 34 

Bushy  Run  Battle, 36 

Report  of  First  Day's  Fight  Near  Bushy  Run, 38 

Second  Day's  Fight,  August  6, 39 

Bouquet's  Report  of  Second  Day's  Fight 44 

Ownership  of  Bushy  Run  Tract, 51 

Evil  Results  of  Provincial  Apathy, 55 

Massacre  of  School-master  and  Scholars, 58 

Campaign  of  1764, 61 

Desertion  of  Provincial  Troops, 62 

Arrival  at  Fort  Pitt, 63 

The  March  into  Ohio 63 

Council  on  the  Muskingum — Captives  Restored, 64 

Public  Thanks  to  Bouquet, 72 

Injustice  and  Ingratitude  of  Virginia, 73 

Promotion  to  Brigadier, 74 

Leaving  for  Pensacola — Will  and  Death 75 

Bouquet's  Grave  Unknown, 78 

A  Monument  Due  Bouquet 81 

Concluding  Remarks, 83 

Pontiac's  Submission, . . . . , 84 

His  Assassination  and  its  Expiation, 85 

Westmoreland  County  Before  and  During  the  War, 88 

Attack  on  Hannastown, 93 

Addenda, 96 


I 


^^^ife^^^ai.,,^^!^ 


^S^SiH^^ 


COL  HENRY  BOUQUET 


AKP 


HIS  CAMPAIGNS  OF  1763  AND  1764. 


INTRODUCTION. 

On  the  26th  of  April  1883,  a  meeting  was  held  in  the 
arbitration  room  of  the  court  house  at  Greensburg,  West- 
moreland county,  Fa.,  to  considn  the  propriety  of  cele- 
brating the  1 20th  anniversary  of  the  victory  of  Col.  Henry 
Bouquet  at  Bushy  Run,  August  5  and  6,  1763,  over  the 
Confederates  of  Pontiac. 

Ex-Lieut. -Gov.  John  Latta  was  called  to  the  chair,  and 
Gen'l  Richard  Coulter  and  Hon.  Jacob  Turney  were 
elected  Vice  Presidents  ;  Maj.  Jas.  M.  Laird,  Frank  Vo- 
gle  and  Curtis  Gregg  were  chosen  as  Secretaries. 

By  request  of  the  meeting  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  a  resident 
of  Greencastle,  Pa.,  but  a  native  of  Greensburg,  Pa.,  was 
called  upon  to  address  the  meeting,  which  he  did  for  over 
half  an  hour,  eulogizing  the  character  and  achievements  of 
Bou(iuet  and  showing  the  far-reaching  results  of  his  de- 
cisive victory  at  Bushy  Run.  Rev.  Cort  read  a  letter 
from  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Kuhns,  regretting  his  inability  to  be 
present  and  heartily  approving  the  object  of  the  meeting 
in  its  efforts  to  honor  the  memory  of  Bouquet,  whose 
march  and  victory  in  1763  were  wonderful  military 
achievements  and  did  much  to  promote  the  rapid  settle- 
ment of  the  west. 

On  motion,  Revs.  J.  \V.  Love,  VV.  W.  Moorehead,  Lucien 
Cort  and  Philij)  Kuhns,  Dr.  Kline  and  A.  M.  Sloan,  Esq., 


car..  HENRY  bouquht 


were  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  resolutions  expressive 
of  the  .sense  of  the  meeting.     The  foHowing  were  reported : 

Resolved,  That  in  the  jiulgnient  of  this  meeting,  it  is  emi- 
nently right  and  proper  to  commemorate  the  120th  anniversary 
of  the  victory  of  Col.  Henry  IJouquet  over  Pontiac's  confederates 
at  Bushy  Run,  August  5th  and  6th,  1763. 

Resolved,  That  inasmuch  as  August  5th  comes  on  Sunday 
this  year,  and  inasmuch  as  all  the  interests  of  humanity  and 
Christian  civilization  were  promoted  by  the  decisive  victory  of 
Boucpiet,  we  would  respectfully  suggest  to  the  pastors  of  all  of 
our  churches  in  the  town  and  county,  the  propriety  of  making 
such  special  reference  to  the  anniversary,  in  their  regular  religious 
services,  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  right  and  proper. 

Resolved,  That  the  victory  of  Bouquet  be  commemorated  Au- 
gust 6th,  in  the  grove  of  the  old  Bushy  Run  battle-field,  by  a 
public  celebration,  embracing  addresses,  a  poem,  a  military  dis- 
play, pic-nic,  dinner,  &c. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  arrangements,  to  secure  and 
prepare  the  grounds ;  a  committe  on  finance,  to  raise  funds  to 
defray  necessary  expenses  of  the  celebration,  and  a  committee 
to  invite  speakers,  distinguished  guests,  military  organizations, 
&c.,  be  appointed. 

The  resolutions  were  adopted  and  committees  in  ac- 
cordance appointed,  as  follows: 

Cominitee  of  Arrangements  to  Secure  and  Prepare  Grounds 

for  the  Celebration. — Amos  B.  Kline,  J.  13.  Laux,  Lewis  Wanna- 

maker,   E.  F.  Houseman,   Lewis  Gongaware,  William  Moore, 

Mr.  Shadwick,  Jos.  Clark,  Robert  Bycrly,  \Vm.  G.  Shust;r,  Ab- 

ner  Cort. 

Committee  on  Finance. — Jas.  Gregg,  Esq.,  Geo.  F.  Huff,  Capt. 
J.  J.  Wirsing,  Dr.  Sowash,  Wm.  B.  Skelly,  Paul  Lauffer,  David 
Snyder,  John  Rankin,  Sebastian  Bacr,  Esq.,  Hon.  N.  M.  IVTarkcr, 
H.F.  Ludwick,  Esq.,  Hon,  John  Hugus,  and  George  Plumcr 
Smith  of  Philadelphia. 

Committee  on  Invitation. — General  R.  Coulter,  Hon.  Jos.  H. 
Kuhns,  Hon.  Jacob  Turney,  Hon.  John  Latta,  IVLaJ.  James  M. 
Laird,  G.  D.  Albert,  Esq.,  John  A.  Marchand,  Esq.,  Dr.  Frank 
Cowan. 

The  annexed  resolution  was  likewise  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  the  chairmen  of  the  three  committees  afore- 
said be  an  executive  committee  to  fill  all  vacancies  and  have  a 
jreneral  oversight  of  the  celebration. 


I 

1 

1 


:-r/ 


.4XD  nrs  CAMPAIGNS. 


A  discussion  then  took  place  in  regard  to  the  advisabil- 
ity of  issiiin^f  a  pamphlet  for  popular  circulation,  giving  a 
skelcii  of  Col.  I?ou(piet  and  his  canii)aigns.  It  was  felt 
that  such  a  work  would  form  a  very  important  factor  in 
the  celebration,  and  the  sentiment  of  the  meeting  was  that 
it  should  be  issued  without  delay.  Next  day  Rev.  C.  Cort 
received  a  letter  from  Gen.  Richard  Coulter,  A.  B.  Kline,. 
Es(j.,  and  James  iiregg,  Esf|.,  stat'ng  that  it  was  the 
sense  of  the  meeting  that  a  pamphlet,  consisting  of  one 
hundred  pages,  should  '  e  prepared  as  soon  as  possible, 
containing  a  historical  sketch  of  IJoucpiet  and  vill  matters 
of  colonial  interest  bearing  especially  on  his  campaign 
against  the  Confederates  of  Pontiac.  These  gentlemen, 
forming  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  celebration,  also 
stated  further  that  it  was  their  wish  that  he  (Rev.  C.) 
should  prepare  the  aforesaid  pamphlet.  This  task  was 
accepted  as  a  labor  of  love,  with  the  understanding  that 
the  writer  would  assume  all  pecuniary  responsibilities,  and 
that  if  any  profits  resulted  from  the  sale  of  the  book  or 
pamphlet  above  necessary  cost  of  publication,  the  pro- 
ceeds should  be  devoted  to  a  fund  for  a  monument  to 
Bouquet 

As  the  time  was  limited,  and  the  duties  of  a  large  and 
laborious  pastoral  charge  devolved  upon  the  writer,  the 
work  has  been  prei)ared  in  great  haste,  but  with  conscien- 
tious care  and  fidelity  to  the  facts  of  history  and  reliable 
traditions.  I  would  gratefully  acknowledge  my  obliga- 
tions to  writings  of  Francis  Parkman,  Geo.  Harrison 
Fisher,  C.  W.  Butterfield  and  the  Penn'a  Historical  Soci- 
ty  for  valuable  assistance  in  preparing  this  imperfect  sketch 
of  the  best  military  man  and  one  of  the  finest  gentlemen 
and  scholars  of  colonial  times.  May  it  helj)  to  rescue  from 
oblivion  the  memory  of  a  truly  good  and  great  man, 
whose  heroic  efforts  saved  our  colonial  ancestors  from  the 
tomahawk  and  scalping  knife  and  established  the  suprem- 
acy of  the  Anglo  Saxon  race  in  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Dr.  Wm  Smith's  publication  in  1765,  and  Dumas'  sketch 
in  1769,  form  the  basis  of  this  present  effort  to  preset 
the  facts  of  his  life  for  general  circulaton. 


I 


4  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

At  a  mceliiig  of  the  executive  committee  and  ( ominit- 
tee  on  invitation,  at  which  Rev.  Cort  was  present,  June 
19th,  it  was  decided  to  issue  special  invitations  to  the 
governors  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  West  Virginia,  to 
the  British  Minister,  Swiss  Consul,  Gen.  R.  C.  Drum,  &c. 
Also  that  Rev.  Samuel  Wilson,  D.l).,  Gen.  James  A.  Bea- 
ver, Hon.  W.  S.  Stenger  and  W.  U.  Hensel,  Esq.,  be  in- 
vited  to  deliver  addresses  at  the  celebration  on  the  battle- 
field, Aug.  6  ;  Dr.  Frank  Cowan  to  read  a  poem,  and  Dr. 
Wm.  H.  Kgle  to  read  a  paper. 

May  the  skiei  be  bright  and  all  things  propitious. 

bouquet's   BIRTH-i'LACE. 

Henry  Bouquet,  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  was  born 
at  Rolle,  a  small  Swiss  town  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lakj 
Geneva  in  17 19.  This  town  at  that  time  belonged  to  the 
Canton  of  Berne,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  Can- 
tons of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  It  now  belongs  to  the 
Canton  of  Vaud,  which  is  a  part  of  French  Switzerland,  the 
dialect  spoken  being  the  Vaudois.  'J'he  inhabitants  since 
Reformation  days  have  be.n  chiefly  members  of  the  Re- 
formed church,  and  always  ardent  lovers  of  civil  and  :eli- 
gious  liberty.  They  are  noted  for  industry  and  intelligence. 

From  this  part  of  Switzerland  comes  a  large  proportion 
of  the  Swiss  teachers  and  governesses  to  be  met  with  in  all 
parts  of  the  world. 

Lansanne,  the  capital  of  the  Canton  Vaud,  is  pictur- 
esquely situated  on  the  southern  sloj)e  of  the  Jura  moun- 
tains and  near  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Geneva.  It  is 
distinguished  for  its  religious,  educational  and  scientific 
institutions.  The  beautiful  Gothic  Cathedral,  begun  in 
the  loth  and  completed  in  the  13th  century,  adorns  the 
city  and  helps  to  attract  vast  crowds  of  visitors  from  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Here  Gibbon,  the  historiaii  resided 
many  years,  and  here  he  wrote  the  greater  part  of  his 
great  work  on  the  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire." Here,  in  the  western  corner  of  Switzerland,  between 
the  Jura  and  the  Bernese  Alps,  near  the  French  borders, 
Henr)  Bouquet  first  saw  the  light.     Amid  the  most  beau- 


Ti 


AM)  ///s  c.i.i//:i/(;.\'s.  5 

tifiil  scenery  on  the  northern  shores  of  the  celebrated  Lake 
(reneva  whicli  is  fifty  imUis  long  and  eight  wide,  amid  or- 
chards, vineyards  and  fertile  farming  and  pasture  lands,  in 
full  view  of  Mount  Hlanc  and  the  most  inspiring  Alp'P'j 
scenery  he  spent  the  formative  days  of  childhood  .»»'d 
youth.'  All  these  left  their  impress  upon  his  soul  and 
aided  greatly  in  forming  the  noble  and  heroic  charp-ter 
which  shone  forth  resplendintly  in  his  future  eventful 
career,  both  in  the  old  world  and  the  new. 

Little  is  known  of  the  family  of  Bouquet,  The  Deutsche 
Pioneer  of  Cincinnati  has  contended  that  his  family  name 
was  originally  Sirai/ss  from  which  it  was  cnanged  into 
/iouquci,  its  French  equivalent,  when  our  hero  had  fairly 
begun  his  military  career. 

This  is  certainly  a  mistake  founded  on  mere  conjecture 
based  on  the  analogy  of  such  changes  as  Schoenberg  to 
Belmont,  he.  There  is  no  reliable  evidence  to  show  that 
Bouquet  ever  changed  his  family  name,  mucli  less  to  show 
that  he  had  any  special  predilection  for  France  or  the 
French.  The  Vaudois  peojile  amongst  whom  he  was  born 
and  reared  have  always  spoken  a  French  dialect,  and  in 
that  language  particularly  he  doubtless  received  his  edu- 
cation. But  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  Bouquet  always 
fought  against  France.  Ke  seemed  to  regard  her  as  the 
representative  of  civil  and  religious  despotism,  and  he  gal- 
lantly fought  against  her  under  the  banner  of  the  govern- 
ment whi<:h  for  the  time  being  best  represented  the  cause 
and  principles  of  constitution  d  liberty. 

I  have  before  me  a  copy  of  Bouquet's  last  Will  and 
Testament  made  June  5,  1765,  from  which  I  transcribe  a 
clause,  viz  :  "  I  giv'e  and  bequeath  to  my  father,  if  then 
living,  or  after  him  to  Colonel  Lewis  Bouquet  and  heirs 
all  the  effects  of  any  nature  whatsoever  which  !  may  die 
possessed  of  in  the  Continent  of  Europe  without  excep- 
tion." This  would  indicate  that  Bouquet  was  the  original 
and  genuine  family  name,  and  not  merely  the  i'esult  of  a 
capricious  predilection  for  foreign  terms.  It  would  indi- 
(  ate  also  that  the  faniilv  was  not  so  obscure  a<^  some  have 
supposed.  Mr.  Koradi,  the  Swiss  consul,  has  undertaken 
to  gather  data  on  this  point  which  we  hope  will  be  on 
hand  at  an  early  day. 


.*Ni^.^c 


6  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

The  war  of  American  Independence  which  was  loom- 
ing up  at  the  time  of  Bou(;uet's  death  in  1765,  and  the 
fact  that  Col.  Frederick  Haldimand,  his  executor,  and  to 
a  large  extent  the  legatee  of  his  American  possessions  re- 
mained loyal  to  King  George  III.  in  that  struggle,  pre- 
vented proper  examination  of  these  matters  by  those  most 
interested  in  Bouquet's  career  over  a  hundred  years  ago. 
This  accounts  in  a  measure  also  for  the  obscurity  and  com- 
parative injustice  connected  with  the  treatment  of  Bou- 
quet by  writers  of  Colonial  history. 

A  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  his  name  was  a  house- 
hold word  in  America,  and  the  memory  of  his  heroic 
deeds  was  cherished  for  a  generation  with  fond  ..ffection, 
by  descendants  of  pioneer  settlers  whom  he  had  rescued 
from  the  tomahawk  of  the  red  savages.  Perhaps  because 
he  was  a  Swiss  and  gained  his  greatest  distinction  in  the 
British  service  on  Pennsylvania  soil  in  Colonial  times  the 
muse  of  history  and  poetry  has  failed  to  embalm  and  j)er- 
pctuate  his  name  and  achievements  in  a  more  worthy  and 
grateful  manner. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  time  has  come  when  the  grateful 
and  intelligent  descendants  of  pioneer  Colonial  settlers, 
and  all  public  s])irited  citizens  are  called  upon  to  remedy 
the  defect  and  rectify  the  wrongs  or  omissions  of  a  cen- 
tury, as  regards  the  memory  of  one  of  the  very  best  men 
that  trod  this  continent  before  our  country  became  a  free 
and  independent  republic.  To  this  end  I  have  begun  this 
narrative  as  an  aid  to  the  forthcoming  celebration  of  the 
one  hundred  and  twentietli  anniversary  of  the  victory  of 
Bou(|uet  over  the  confederates  of  Pontiac  at  Bushy  Run, 
Aug.  6,  1763. 

BOUQUET    LEAVES    HOME. 

Growing  up  amid  the  inspiring  scenery  of  liberty  loving 
Switzerland,  Boucpiet  sought  a  theatre  more  commensurate 
with  his  talents  and  aspirations  than  the  narrow  confines 
bounded  uy  his  native  Al|)s.  In  1736  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  made  his  way  along  the  historic  Rhine  \o  the  Low- 
lands of  Holland  and  entered  the  service  of  the  Dutch 
Republic,  as  a  cadet  in  the   Regiment   of  Constant.     In 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


1738  he  obtained  the  commission  of  an  ensign  in  the  same 
regiment.     He  thus  began  his  career  under  the  govern- 
ment that  long  had  championed  the  cause  oi  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty,  and  which  was  the  forerunner  of  our  own 
great    Republic.      The  King  of  Sardinia,  whose  country 
borders  on  Switzerland  near  the  home  of  Bouquet,  became 
involved  m  a  war  with  the  combined  forces  of  France  and 
Spain,  then  leading  powers  of  Europ'3.     Bouquet  entered 
the  Sardinian  service  and  distinguished   hiinself  greatly 
first  as  lieutenant,  and  afterwards  as  adjutant  in  several 
memorable  and  ably  conducted  campaigns.     At  the  battle 
of  Cony  especially  did  he  display  great  presence  of  mind 
and  strategic  talent  in  occupying  a  perilous  position   in 
such  a  way  that  his  men  were  not  aware  of  the  imminent 
risk  to  which  they  were  exposed.     His  very  accurate  and 
interesting  accounts  of  these  campaigns  sent  to  Holland, 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  in- 
duced him  to  secure  the  services  of  Bouquet  in  the  army 
of  the  Dutch  Republic.     He  entered  it  m  1748  as  captain 
commandant  with  the  rank   of  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
Swiss  guards,  a  regiment  lately  formed  at  the  Hague. 

He  was  sent  at  once  with  Generals  Burmannia  and  Cor- 
nabe  to  receive  from  the  French  the  posts  in  the  Low 
Countries  about  to  be  evacuated,  and  the  prisoners  of  war 
given  up  to  the  Republic  by  France  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle.  A  few  months  later  he  accepted  an  invitation  to 
accompany  Lord  Middleton  in  a  tour  through  France 
and  Italy.  It  is  supposed  that  in  his  intimate  associations 
with  this  nobleman.  Bouquet  gained  his  surprising  knowl- 
edge of  the  English  language  which  he  wrote  better  than 
the  great  majority  of  English  officers. 


HOW    BOUQUET    SPENT    LEISURE    TIME. 

On  his  return  to  the  Hague,  Bouquet  devoted  every 
moment  not  needed  in  the  discharge  of  regimental  duties, 
to  the  careful  study  of  matters  pertaining  to  military  art 
and  tactics,  especially  of  the  higher  mathematics  which 
forms  their  basis.     At  the  Hague  he  always  inoved  in  the 


^1 


I! 


f! 


li 


8 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


best  society  and  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  learned 
Professors  Hemsterhius,  Keening  and  Allama"dand  other 
leading  men  in  every  department  of  science. 

Instead  of  gambling  and  carousing  as  many  military 
men  are  wont  to  do  when  off  active  duty,  Bouquet  always 
improved  his  leisure  moments,  by  enlarging  his  acquisi- 
tions of  knowledge.  At  Philadelphia  he  was  a  great  favor- 
ite in  the  mc  '  intelligent  circles  and  enjoyed  the  confiden- 
tial friendsh.  )f  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Benj.  Chew,  the 
Attorney  General,  Dr.  Wm.  Smith  Provost  of  the  Univer- 
sity and  Bertram  the  Botanist.  His  tastes,  like  his  talents, 
were  of  a  high  order. 

ENTERS    BRITISH    SERVICE.       ROYAL    AMERICANS. 

In  1754  war  broke  out  between  France  and  England  on 
a  scale  that  involved  two  continents.  It  was  resolved  to 
raise  a  corps  under  the  name  of  Royal  Americans  con- 
sisting of  four  battallions  each  containing  one  thousand 
men.  It  was  proposed  to  fill  the  ranks  of  this  regiment 
by  enlisting  Protestant  German  and  Swiss  settlers  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  Mrryland,  who  for  the  most  part  were  un- 
able 1-0  speak  or  understand  the  English  language. 

About  $400,000  was  voted  for  this  purpose  by  Parlia- 
ment.    Smollet,  in  speaking  of  these  German   and  Swiss 
settlers  says  :  "  .-^  s  they  were  all  zealous  Protestants  and 
in  general  strong,  hardy  men  accustomed  to  the  climate,  it 
was  judged  that  a  regiment  of  good  and  faithful  soldiers 
might  be  raised  out  of  them,  particularly  proper  to  oppose 
the  French  :  but  to  this  end  it  was  necessary  to  appoint 
some  officers,  especially  subalterns,  who  understood  miH- 
tary  discipline  and  could  speak  the  German  language  ;  and 
as  a  sufficient  number  of  such  could  not  be  found  among 
the  English  officers  it  was  necessary  to  bring  over  and 
grant  commissions  to  several  German  and  Swiss  officers 
and  engineers.     But  as  this  step  by  the  Act  of  Settlement 
could  not  be  taken  without  the  iuithority  of  Parliament,  an 
act  was  now  passed  for  enabling  his  majesty  to  grant  com- 
missions to  a  certain  number  of  foreign    Protestants  who 
had  served  abroad  as  officers  or  engineers  to  act  and  rank 
as  officers  or  engineers  in  America  only." 


.L\'f>  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  9 

Henry  Bouquet  and  his  intimate  friend  and  countryman 
Frederick  Haldiman  were  appointed  lieutenant  colonels  of 
this  Royal  American  Brigade,  and  as  colonels  command- 
ant each  of  a  thousand  men  were  placed  on  an  equality 
with  the  colonel-in -chief.  They  were  allowed  to  select 
subordinate  officers  especially  for  the  artillery  and  engi- 
neer departments,  and  these  were  chosen  with  rare  judg- 
ment, for  the  most  part  from  the  lately  disbanded  armies 
of  the  Dutch  Republic.  Hence  it  was  that  such  gallant 
soldiers  and  good  scholars  as  Ecuyer,  a  countryman  of  Bou- 
quet, obtained  command  in  this  famous  regiment. 

Sir  Joseph  Yorke  major  general  and  English  minister 
to  the  Dutch  Republic  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the 
creation  of  this  body  of  troops  and  also  in  securing  the 
services  of  such  able  continental  commanders  as  Haldi- 
mand  a -id  Bouquet.  Fifty  of  the  officers  might  be  foreign 
Protestants  according  to  the  Act  of  Parliament,  while  the 
enlisted  men  were  to  be  raised  principally  among  the 
(lerman  settlers  in  America. 

Bouquet  sailed  for  America  in  the  summer  of  1750,  the 
year  after  Braddock's  disastrous  defeat.  Lord  Loudoun 
was  colonel  of  the  Royal  American  corps  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  army  in  America.  Like  some  other 
British  officers  of  Colonial  days  he  was  haughty  and  blust- 
ering in  peaceful  communities,  bu<"  very  slow  in  facing  the 
foe  where  actual  danger  and  military  duty  called.  As  re- 
marked by  a  friend  of  Franklin,  Loudoun  was  like  the  figure 
of  St.  George,  painted  on  the  sign  boards — always  on 
horseback  but  never  riding  on. 

BOUQUET    GOES    TO    PHII, ADELPHI A. 


Under  the  orders  of  Londoun  Bouquet  first  appears  in 
Philadelphia  late  in  the  Fall  of  1756,  in  command  of  550 
officers  and  men,  cc  v  'sting  of  a  battallion  of  Royal  Ame- 
ricans and  two  independent  companies.  A  demand  for 
comfortable  quarters  for  the  troops  did  not  meet  the  re- 
sponse from  the  Assembly  which  the  Governor  and  Brit- 
ish officers  deemed  proper,  and  considerable  bad  blood 
was  stirred  up,  which,  under  a  less  judicious  officer  than 


>* 


,0  COL.  IJENHy  HOUQUET 

Bouquet  might  have  resulted  disastrously  to  all  concerned. 
The  breach  of  faith  on  the  part  of  the  sheriff  in  laying  the 
warrant  for  lodgings  in  private  houses  prematurely  before 
the  Assembly,  almost  led  to  a  collision  between  the  civd 
and  military  authorities.  Had  Londoun  himself  been 
present  at  Philadelphia  it  is  probable  that  the  sack  and 
pillage  of  part  of  the  city  would  have  been  the  outcome  of 
this  dispute.  During  the  remainder  of  the  winter  matters 
moved  along  smoothly,  and  Bouquet  mingled  in  the  best 
intellectual  and  social  circles  of  the  city.  He  was  particu- 
larly intimate  with  the  Shippen  family,  and  formed  a  very 
tender  attachment  for  a  Miss  Anne  Willing,  whose  mother 
was  a  Shippen.  He  carried  on  a  very  interesting  corres- 
pondence with  this  young  lady,  even  amid  the  cares  and 
turmoils  of  the  camp,  verifying  in  a  measure  the  sentiment 
of  the  old  Castillian  song. 

'"Tis  the  spirit  most  gallant  in  war 
That  is  fondest  and  truest  in  love." 

In  May,  1757,  Bouquet  was  ordered  to  South  Carolina 
with  a  detachment  of  Royal  Americans.  In  Sej)temberhe 
wrote  that  his  men  were  fast  dying  of  the  fever,  and  he 
seemed  anxious  for  a  more  healthy  location.  In  a  quarrel 
that  arose  between  Governor  Lyttleton  and  the  Assembly 
of  South  Carolina,  Bancroft  tells  us  that  Boucpiet  suc- 
cessfully acted  the  part  of  a  conciliator. 

FORBES'  EXPEDITION  AND  DISPUTE  WITH  WASHINGTON. 

Military  matters  were  in  a  very  lethargic  state  in  America 
during  1756  and  1757?  until  Williiwn  Pitt  took  the  reins 
with  a  master  hand  and  a  giant's  grasp.  A  change  soon 
came  ovei*  the  face  of  affairs.  New  Jersey,  New  York  and 
New  England  were  to  assist  in  Northern  campaigns  against 
the  French.  Pennsylvania  and  the  more  Southern  colo- 
nies v.'ere  to  aid  in  the  conquest  of  the  West,  and  finish 
the  work  in  which  Braddock  so  miserably  failed  three 
years  previous.  England  was  to  provide  arms,  ammunition 
and  tents,  and  even  in  the  end,  reimburse  the  colonies  for 
all  other  expenses.  With  this  expectation  Pennsylvania 
went  into  the  the  campaign  of  1758  with  great  earnestness 


.  /  i\D  I  Hi;  CAMPAIGNS. 


I  r 


and  furnished  2,700  men  for  the  expedition  against  Fort 
Duquesne. 

General  John  Forbes,  a  brave  and  meritorious  Scotch 
officer,  w:is  placed  in  command. 

Bouquet  was  re-called  from   South  Carolina  with  his 
Royal  xVmericans  and  given  charge  of  the  First  Division, 
while  Colonel  George  Washington   had  command  of  the 
Second   Division,  Virginia  having  furnished  2,600  troops 
for  the  campaign.     Bouquet  was  at  Fort  Bedford  early  in 
July,  with   a  part  of  the   forces  in  advance  of  the  main 
army.     Washington  was  at   Fort  Cumberland,  30  or  40 
miles  south  of  Bedford.     July  25,  he  wrote  Bouquet,  ear- 
nestly advising  that  the  expedition  should  advance  at  once 
by  the  Bradd'ock  road  from  Cumberland,  instead  of  de- 
laying to  cut  a  aoad  through  the  wilderness  of  Pennsylva- 
nia to  Fort  Duquesne.     But  Bouquet  did  not  see  it  in  that 
light.     He  thought  that  a  new  road  was  demanded  by  the 
exigencies  of  the  situation.      As  a  military  necessity,  and 
on  account  of  other  important  considerations,  he  proposed 
to  cut  one  by  as  short  and  direct  a  route  as  possible  to 
the  Loyalhannah  creek.    Washington  bitterly  opposed  this, 
and  some  very  sharp  correspondence  ensued  on  the  sub- 
ject.    Bouquet's  motives  have  been   impugned  by  some 
writers,  and  it  has  been  asserted  by   Hildreth  that  the 
choice  was  made  in  the  interest  of  Pennsylvania  land  specu- 
lators.    But  he  adduces  no  evidence  to  prove  his  asser- 
tion.    It  is  enough  to  know  that  Bouquet's   route   was 
nearly  fifty  miles  shorter  from  Bedford  to  Duquesne  than 
the  Cumberland  route.    This  would  commend  't  in  a  mili- 
tary point  of  view,  and  the  subsequent  couxse  of  events 
fully  vindicated  the  wisdom  of  Bouquet  in  selecting  it  in 
sj)ite   of  the   strenuous   opposition  of  the  Feather  of  our 
Country.     Great  and  good  as  Washington  was,  or  after- 
wards became,  he  was  still  human,  and,  as  an  ardent  Vir- 
ginian, looked  with  a  jealous  eye  upon  any  project  that 
would  tend  to  rob  Virginia  of  her  wonted  prestige.      His 
two  older  brothers  were  members  of  the  Ohio  Land  Com- 
pany, whose  interests  were  at  stake  in  this  affair.     Besides 
the  monopoly  of  the  Indian  fur  traffic  would  pass  from  the 
hands  of  Virginia  traders,  if  a  more  direct  and  rival  route 


12 


COL.    'JbARV  BOUQUET 


were  opened  up  through  the  province  ot  Pennsylvania  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio.  Selfish  considerations  are 
]ust  as  likely  to  have  influenced  the  one  side  as  the  other. 
When  we  recollect  the  long  contest  for  the  Monongahela 
region  and  a  large  part  of  Westmoreland  county  as  origi- 
nally constituted,  reaching  througn  the  dark  days  of  the 
Revolution,  even  after  the  new  road  was  made,  we  need 
not  wonder  at  the  jealousy  and  opposition  of  Virginians  to 
any  project  or  enterprise  that  would  in  the  least  jeopardize 
their  supremacy  in  that  coveted  locality. 

Washington  could  not  yield  the  point  with  a  very  good 
grctce.     He  predicted  defeat  and  disaster  to  the  expedi- 
tion.    September  i,  he  writes  **A11  is  dwindled  into  ease, 
sloth  and  fatal  inactivity.      Nothing  but  a  miracle  can 
bring  the  campaign  to  a  happy  issue."    Bouquet  convinced 
Forbes  that  the  proposed  new  route  was  preferable,  and 
Col.  James  Burd  was  sent  forward  to  cut  a  way  through 
the  forest  and  erect  a  stockade  at  Loyaihannah.      Col. 
Armstrong,  who  was  a  captain  in  this  expedition,  wrote 
under  date  of  Raystown,  (Bedford)  October  3,   1758,  to 
Richard  Peters  "  The  general  (Forbes)  came  here  at  a 
critical  and  seasonable  juncture  ;  he  is  weak  but  his  spirit 
is  good  and  his  head  clear,  firmly  determined  to  proceed 
as  far  as  force  and  provisions  will  admit,  which  through 
divine  favor  will  be  far  enough.      *     *     *     *     *      *     * 
The  Virginians  are  much  chagrined  at  the  opening  of  the 
road  through  this  government,  and  Col.   Washington  has 
been  a  good  deal  sanguine  and  obstinate  upon  the  occa- 
sion ;  but  the  presence  of  the  genera)  (Forbes)  has  been 
of  great  use  on  this  as  well  as  other  accounts.      *      *      * 
Col.  Bouquet    is  a  very  sensible    and  useful  man  ;    not- 
withstanding had  not  the  general  come  up   the   conse- 
quences would  have  been  dangerous.     *     *     *     ■"'     *     * 
I  leave  this  place  to-day  as  does  Col.  Bouquet  and  some 
pieces  of  artillery." 

Bouquet  gave  very  careful  instructions  to  Col.  Burd  not 
to  beat  a  drum  or  fire  an  unnecessary  shot  while  cutting 
the  road  through  the  forest.  In  silence  but  with  energetic 
dispatch  the  work  was  pushed  forward.  Nor  did  Bou- 
quet neglect  to  drill  his  troops  and  kcei)  them  well  in  hand 


%r-^.^ 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


13 


I 


for  the  kind  of  fighting  needed  to  cope  with  the  denizens 
of  the  woods.  "  Every  afternoon  he  exercises  his  men  in 
the  woods  and  bushes  in  a  particular  manner  of  his  own 
invention  which  will  be  of  great  service  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Indians,"  's  what  Joseph  Shippen  wrote  to  his 
father  from  Bedford. 

In  a  letter  to  Chief  Justice  Allen,  written  on  the  day  of 
arrival  at  Fort  Duquesne,  November  25,   1758,  Bouquet 
attributes  the  success  of  the  expedition  in  great  part  to 
the  adoption  of  his  route.     Besides  being  much  nearer 
Philadelphia,  the  base  of  supplies,  the  route  secured  the 
favor  and  co-operation  of  the  Penns\  Ivania  German  far- 
mers on  whom  he  had  to  depend  for  transportation  and 
who  would  have  been  unwilling  to  leave  their  own  province 
to  follow  the  longer  Braddock  road.     This  contest  was 
the  beginning  of  the  struggle  for  commercial  supremacy 
which,  with  varying  fortunes,  has  gone  forward  ever  since 
and  which  now  finds  its  leading  champions  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania Central  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroads.    While 
we  would  not  detract  one  iota  from  the  fame  and  merits 
of  Washington,  and  feel  that  under  the  circumstances  it 
was  quite  natural  for  him  to  contend  for  what  was  mani- 
festly the  interest  of  Virginia  and  the  Ohio  land  company, 
we  yet  must  say  that  the  logic  of  events  fully  vindicated 
the  course  of  Bouquet  and  Forbes  in  cutting  a  short  and 
direct  road  to  Fort  Duquesne. 

As  Pennsylvanians,  at  least,  we  should  feel  thankful  to 
the  firm  and  sagacious  man  who  did  so  much  to  open  u]) 
the  western  part  of  our  state  to  settlement  and  put  matters 
in  the  best  possible  shape  for  military  defence  along  the 
borders.  It  was  hard  and  slow  work  to  open  a  wagon 
track  through  the  dense  forests  and  over  towering  moun- 
tains, but  with  an  army  of  over  6,000  men,  including  many 
frontiersmen  and  woodsmen,  now  wa?  the  time  to  have  it 
done  if  the  campaign  was  to  be  a  complete  success.  His- 
torians agree  that  thus  twenty  years  were  gained  in  the 
settlement  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  Forbes  was  a  man 
of  courage  and  sterling  merit,  and  the  fact  that  a  com- 
mander such  as  he  enuorsed  the  Loyalhannah  route,  is 
strong  proof  and  presumption  that  Bouquet  had  the  better 


14 


c oi. .  hhnr y  h'^ uq uht 


cause  and  better  argument  over  against  his  indignant  col- 
league, even  the  great  and  good  Washington. 

It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  this  dispute  may  have 
contributed  to  the  neglect  or  disparagement  of  Boutpiet 
by  biographers  and  historians,  whose  great  object  was  to 
glorify  the  Father  of  our  Country  and  present  him  as  a 
hero  and  a  sage  under  all  circumstances,  before  as  well  as 
during  and  after  the  War  of  Independence. 

Forbes  was  a  lion  hearted  old  Scotchman.  Weak  and 
emaciated  in  body  but  dauntless  in  spirit,  he  had  himself 
conveyed  through  the  wilderness  on  a  litter  between  two 
horses.  He  reached  Bedford  September  15,  but  remained 
there  six  weeks  waiting  for  the  openir  j  of  the  road.  No- 
vember I,  he  arrived  at  the  Loyalhannah.  A  stockade 
had  been  erected  here  by  the  road  building  party  under 
Col.  Burd  by  direction  of  Col.  Bouquet.  This  had  been 
assailed  by  the  French  and  Indians,  who  made  a  deter- 
mined sortie  from  Fort  Duquesne  to  surprise  and  cut  off 
the  advance  guard  and  pioneers  before  the  main  body 
could  come  up  to  their  relief.  But  the  assault  \yas  re- 
pulsed and  in  consequence  the  Indians  became  discour- 
aged and  left  for  their  forest  homes.  A  reconnoitering 
party  of  800,  mostly  Highlanders  under  Maj.  Grant  had 
previously  pushed  forward  from  the  Loyalhannah,  and 
had  gained  possession  of  a  hill  in  the  rear  of  the  Fort, 
but  with  strange  infatuation  they  failed  to  improve  their 
advantages  and  opportunities.  Failing  to  advance  and 
surprise  the  garrison  and  making  an  ostentatious  display 
they  were  soon  surrounded  by  the  French  and  Indians 
who  shot  down  their  huddled  ranks  from  behind  trees  and 
ravines  like  so  many  sheep.  (Grant's  Hill,  in  the  centre  of 
Pittsburg,  marks  the  scene  of  this  disastrous  affray.  A 
stand  made  by  Coi.  Lewis  with  Provincial  troops  pre- 
vented the  annihilation  of  the  impracticable  Scotch  officer 
and  his  Hi^^ihlanders  who  seemed  to  have  learned  nothing 
from  Braddock's  disaster  or  Bouquet's  discipline.  De  Lig- 
nery  cruelly  gave  up  five  of  the  piisoners  captured  in  the 
route  to  be  burned  at  the  stake  by  the  Indians  and  al- 
lowed the  remainder  to  be  tomahawked  in  cold  blood  on 
the  narade  ground  of  the  fort. 


A.\D  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


15 


Washington  was  directed  to  open  the  last  fifty  miles  of 
the  road  between  the  Loyalhannah  and  Fort  Duquesne. 
On  the  24th  of  November,  1758,  Forbes  and  his  army 
were  encamped  at  Turtle  Creek,  near  the  scene  of  Brad- 
dock's  defeat  three  years  before. 

Provisions,  forage,  &c.,  were  so  nearly  exhausted  that 
some  advised  a  retreat,  but  the  "  iron-headed  "  old  Scotch- 
man, as  Forbes  was  called,  would  listen  to  no  such  talk, 
but  announced  his  intention  of  sleeping  in  the  fort  on  the 
next  night.  That  same  evening  a  great  smoke  was  seen 
ascending  in  the  direction  of  the  fort,  and  at  midnight  the 
camp  was  startled  by  the  jar  of  a  great  explosion.  The 
French  had  evacuated  the  post  and  had  set  fire  to  the 
magazine.  They  resolved  to  destroy  what  they  despaired 
of  defending.  The  last  of  their  troops  had  embarked  in 
boats  and  were  seen  hurrying  down  the  Ohio  as  the  British 
army  ajjproached. 

The  Highlanders  were   infuriated  by  the  sight  of  the 
heads  of  slaughtered  countrymen  impaled  on  stakes  along 
the  race  course  as  they  neared  the  fort.      These  were  vic- 
tims of  Grant's  defeat.     As  one  has  said  who  was  present, 
"  foaming  like  mad  boars,  engaged   in   battle,  they  rushed 
madly  on  with  hope  to  find  an  enemy  on  whom  to  accom- 
plish  retribution."     But  the  detested  foe   was  gone,  and 
gone  forever  was  French  power  and  prestige  at  the  forks 
of  the  Ohio.      A  scjuare  stockade  was  built  and  placed  in 
charge  of   Colonel   Hugh   Mercer  with   200  men.     Next 
year  a  fort  was  at  considerable  cost  erected  on  the  ruins  of 
the  old  fort  by  General  Stanwix  and  named  Fort  Pitt,  in 
honor  of  the"  English  statesman,  whose  energetic  policy 
had  secured  British  supremacy  in  the  Nev  World.     Pitts- 
burgh was  laid  out  at  the  confluence  of  the  Allegheny  and 
Monongahela  rivers.      As  early  as  April  1761,  there  were 
162  houses,  221  men,  73  women  and  38  children  in  the 
young  town  of  Pittsburgh,  according  to  the  returns  made 
to  Colonel  Bouquet. 

The  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne  and  the  opening  of  the 
new  road,  proved  as  great  a  blessing  to  the  people  of 
Pennsylvania  as  Bouquet  and  his  friends  had  predicted. 
The  army  speedily  returned  to  their  homes.       Forbes  was 


i6 


(OL    IIESRY  liOLKJUHT 


borne  to  Philadelphia,  where  ho  died   a   tew   weeks  later, 
and  was  buried  with  great  honor  in  Christ  church. 

The  following  extract  from  a  letter  to  his  lady  friend  at 
Philadelphia,  written  on  the  day  of  the  army's  arrival  at 
the  fort,  shows  the  high  estimate  in  which  Bouquet  held 
his  hoary-headed  chief  : 

Fort  Duquesne,  Nov.  25,  1758. 
Dear  Nancy. — I  have  the  satisfaction  to  announce  to  you  the 
agreeable  news  of  the  conquest  of  this  terrible  fort.  The  French, 
seized  with  a  panic  at  our  appioaca,  have  destroyed  themselves; 
— that  nest  cf  Pirates  which  has  so  long  harboured  the  murder- 
ers and  destructors  of  our  people.  They  have  burned  and  de- 
stroyed to  the  ground  their  fortifications,  houses  and  magazines, 
and  left  us  no  other  cover  than  the  heavens — a  very  cold  one 
for  an  army  without  *:ents  and  equipages.  We  bear  all  this 
hardship  with  alacrity,  by  the  consideration  of  the  immense  ad- 
vantage of  this  important  acquisition.  The  glory  of  our  success 
must,  after  God,  be  allowed  to  our  general,  who,  from  the  be- 
t:inning,  took  those  wise  measures  whiv,h  deprived  the  French  of 
their  chief  strength,  and  by  a  treaty  at  Easton  kept  such  a  num- 
ber of  Indians  idle  during  the  whole  campaign  and  procured  a 
peace  with  those  inveterate  enemies  more  necessary  and  benefi- 
cial than  the  driving  of  the  French  from  the  Ohio.  His  prudence 
in  all  his  measures  in  the  numberless  difficulties  he  had  to  sur- 
mount deser\'es  the  highest  praises. 

BOUQUET    IN    COMMAND. 

Bouquet  was  now  in  command  and  by  judicious  confer- 
ences with  the  Delaware  Indians  and  energetic  manage- 
ment, he  soon  restored  peace  and  tranquility  to  the  bor- 
ders, sc  that  the  pioneer  settlers  met  with  little  disturbance 
during  the  remainder  of  the  French  war.  Four  thousand 
settlers,  who  had  left  their  homes  in  terror  during  the  past 
few  years,  i  '  consequence  of  the  ravages  that  succeeded 
the  defeat  of  Braddock  and  the  cowardly  retreat  of  Dun- 
bar, now  returned.  Bouquet,  with  his  Royal  Americans, 
garrisoned  the  forts  and  posts,  reaching  fro.n  Philadelphia 
via  Carlisle,  Bedford,  Fort  Pitt,  Lake  p:iie,  Sandusky,  &c. 
to  Detroit.  This  regiment,  largely  '^omposed  of  recruits 
from  the  German  and  Swiss  settlers  of   Pennsylvania  and 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


17 


Maryland,  as  we  have  seen,  held  the  outposts  of  civiliza- 
tion in  the  midst  of  savage  beasts  and  savag-  men  for 
seven  years.  Communication  was  kept  up  largely  by  ex- 
press riders,  who,  taking  their  lives  in  their  hands,  rode 
rapidly  from  post  to  post. 

BYERLY    AT    BUSHY    RUN. 

Andrew  Byerly  was  induced  to  establish  a  relay  station 
for  these  express  riders  at  Bushy  Run,  midway  between 
Fort  Pitt  and  Fort  Ligonier,  He  received  a  grant  of  sev- 
eral hundred  acres  of  land  from  Col.  Bouquet  and  the 
proprietary  government,  on  which  he  erected  buildings 
suitable  for  his  purpose.  Here,  with  his  second  wife  and 
a  young  and  growing  family,  he  settled  down  in  the  midst 
of  the  wilderness,  at  the  end  of  the  Penn  Manor,  intend- 
ing to  carve  out  a  home  for  hir,  children. 

He  cultivated  friendly  relations  with  the  surrounding 
Indians  and  was  soon  well  established,  with  a  valuable 
herd  of  milk  cows  and  other  comforts  of  civilization. 
Here  Bouciuet  spent  many  a  pleasant  hoiir  in  his  trips  to 
and  from  Fort  Pitt.  Ecuyer  was  also  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  family.  Mrs.  Byerly,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Beatrice  Guldin,  had  emigrated  from  the  Canton  of  Berne, 
in  Switzerland,  the  home  of  Bouquet.  They  often  con- 
versed about  the  lakes  and  the  Alps,  and  friends  in  the 
far  away  land  of  their  nativity,  and  contrasted  those  peace- 
ful scenes  and  associations  with  the  rough  experiences  of 
pioneer  life  in  the  new  world.  Byerly  was  a  baker  by 
profession,  and  seems  always  to  have  been  a  favorite  with 
military  m.en.  He  had  erected  one  of  the  very  first  inns 
ever  built  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  he  resided  for  a 
long  while  and  buried  his  first  wife.  He  had  baked  for 
Braddock's  army  at  Fort  Cumberland;  and,  backed  by 
Maj.  George  Washington,  had  beaten  a  Catawba  warrior 
in  a  foot  race,  on  a  wager  of  thirty  shillings,  which  was 
intended  to  test  the  relative  prowess  and  fleetness  of  the 
two  racc-i.  Afterwards  he  rt.noved  to  Fort  Bedford,  where 
he  baked  for  the  British  garrison  and  where  his  son  Jacob, 
a  grcat-;:;rand-father  of  the  writer,  was  born  in  1760.     The 


1 8 


COL.  HH\RY  HOUQUHT 


garrison  being  small,  it  was  not  long  before  he  located  at 
IJiishy  Run,  by  the  spec;  ;1  favor  and   protection   of  Col. 
IJouquet,  on  a  very  desirable  gran*  along  the  Forbes  road. 
The  letters,  written  during  thi:;  interval  of  garrison  duty, 
from  Fort  Pitt,  Bedford,  Lancaster,  e^c,  to  his  lady  friend 
in  Philadel^  lia,  show  how  irksome  a  life  of  inactivity  was 
to  this  man  of  action  and  of  thought,  and  how  lioucpiet 
felt  isolated  among  the  rude  soldiers  and   uncouth   fron- 
tiersmen with  whom  he  came   in   da..y  contact.     As  one 
who  knew  him  well   has  written,  "  He  was  a  man  of  sci- 
ence and  sense."     He  delighted  to  associate  with   peojjle 
of  intelligence  and  culture.     He  had  no  tastes  for   the 
vulgar  pastimes  and  pursuits  that  usu  'lly  occupy  the  time 
and  attention   of  military  men,  when   off  duty,  among  a 
rude  population. 

Bouquet  was  always  a  welcome  guest  and  visitor  at  By- 
erly  Station,  on  Bushy  Run,  and  here  he  seemed  to  unbend 
himself  amid  congenial  social  surroundings.  His  name 
and  memory  has  always  been  cherished  in  the  ]?yeriy  fam- 
ily as  a  precious  heirloom— as  a  sacred  legacy  handed  down 
with  the  benedictions  of  a  pious  and  grateful  ancestress. 


\\  '■■ 


PONTIAC  S    CONSF'IRACV, 

The  reign  of  peace  and  prosj)crity,  which  was  causing 
the  wilderness  to  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose,  came  to 
a  sudden  close  in  the  sj)iing  of  1763.  The  French  'garri- 
sons had  been  driven  out  of  Canada  and  all  their  fort's  and 
posts  along  the  St.  I -^wrence,  the  Lnkes,  the  Ohio,  the 
Ilhnois  and  the  Mississippi  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  English  as  a  result  of  the  capture  of  Fort  l)u(iuesne 
and  Quebec.  The  Indians  lamented  tlie  change  and  their 
spirit  of  discontent  was  fanned  into  a  flame  by  disappointed 
French  traders  who  led  th  credulous  savages  to  believe 
that  the  great  king  of  France  would  soon  drive  out  the 
English  and  recover  his  lost  dominion.  Their  easy  social 
habits  and  greater  tendency  to  enter  into  matrimonial  re- 
lations always  made  the  French  special  favorites  with  the 
red  man  and  his  daughters. 

Pontiar,  the  great  chief  of  the  Ottawas  on  the  shores  of 


AND  HIS  CAMrAIGSa. 


19 


Lake  Michigan,  became  the  powerful  exponent  and  cham- 
pion of  the  spirit  of  hostility  against  the  English. 

He  was  indeed  a  remarkable  man.  He  originally  be- 
longed to  the  Catawba  Indians.  Having  been  captured 
when  a  child  and  adopted  by  the  Otta^vos,  he  bccpnie  not 
only  the  war  chief  but  also  the  Sachem,  or  civil  ruler,  of 
his  tribe  by  force  of  superior  courage  and  ability. 

He  led  a  band  of  Ottawas  and  bore  a  leading  part  in  the 
defeat  of  Ikaddock  in  1755,  along  with  Charles  J.rnglade 
and  other  Lake  Indians.    Tae  conduct  of  the  BiiMsh  troops 
on  that  occasion  caused  him  to  hav.-  great  contempt  for 
the  red  coatp,  and  he  fancied  that  with  one  bold  push  they 
might  be  driven  east  of  the  mountains,  if  not  into  the  sea. 
With  great  craft  and  secrecy  he  laid  his  plans  to  surprise 
all  the  English  forts  and  posts  east  of  the  mountains  and 
massacre  their  Royal  American  gar^iions.     Pontiac  was  a 
born  leader  and  had  that  magnetism  and  force  of  charac- 
ter that  fitted  him  for  the  difficult  and  dangerous  role  that 
he  resolved  to  play  in  order  to  restore  the  supremacy  of 
the  red  men  on  the  American  continent.     War  belts  had 
been  sent  among  the  different  tribes  and  a  general  willing- 
ness manifested  to  unite  ii.  one  mighty  effort  to  exterminate 
the  English.     Kiashuta  or  C.uyasutha,  a  head  chief  of  the 
Senecas,  marshalled  a  part  of  the  Five  Nations  to  unite 
with  t'.'*  Delawares  and  neighboring  tribes  in  destroying 
*he  garrison  at  Fort  Pitt  and  the  smaller  posts  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.     But  Pontiac  was  the  leading  spirit  of  the 
general  movement.     April  27,  1763,  he  held  a  great  coun- 
cil on  the  b.^nks  of  the  river  Ecorer,,  near  Detroit.     With 
fierce  gestures  and  loud,  impassioned  voice  he  denounced 
the  English  for  their  injustice,   rapacity  and   arrogance. 
He  compared  and  contrasted  their  conduct  with  that  of 
the  French  who  had  always  treated  them  as  brothers.     He 
exclaimed  "  the  red  coats  have  conquered  the  French  but 
they  have  not  con(piered  us.     We  are  not  slaves  or  squaw's, 
and  as  long  as  the  Creat  Spirit  is  ruler  we  will  maintain  our 
rights.     'I'hese  lakes  and  'hese  woods  were  given  us  by 
our   fathers,   and  ^re  wii,  part  with  them  only  with   our 
lives."      He  assured  the  coi-.ncil  that  their  great  father, 
the  King  of  France,  would  soon  come  to  their  aid  to  win 
back  C-^nada,  and  wreak  vengeance  on  his  enemies. 


20 


CO/,.  ilHNHY  BOUQUET 


!( 


II 


"The  Indian.;  and  their  French  brethren  would  fight  once 
more  side  by  side  as  they  had  always  fought ;  they  would 
strike  the  English  as  they  had  struck  them  many  moons 
ago,  when  their  great  army  marched  down  the  Mononga- 
hela,  and  they  had  shot  them  from  ambush  like  a  flock^of 
pigeons  in  the  woods." 

The  eloquence  of  Pontiac,  backed  by  the  harangues  of 

other  chiefs,  carried  everything  before  it.     It  was  agreed 

that  a  deadly  blow  should  be  struck  at  all  the  forts  in  the 

following   month.      Eighteen   nations,  or  leading  Indian 

tribes,  entered  into  the  conspiracy  of  which  Pontiac  was 

the  head  centre.     The  adopted  Catawba  lad,  far  from  his 

native  haunts,  had  become  the  master  spirit  of  his  race. 

His  bugle  call  i allied  the  dusky  sons  of  the  forest  from 

the  Mississijipi  to   the  Alleghanies  in  one  fierce  phalanx 

of  savage   hostility  to  the  red-coated  British.     Difterenl 

parts  were  assigned  to  different  leaders.     The  general  plan 

was  to  surprise  and  capture  the  garrison  and  destroy  the 

forts m  the  neighborhood  of  the  respective  tribes  and  then 

fall  like  a  tomado  upon  the  defenceless  settlements  with 

fire  and  tomahawk. 

So  well  kept  was  the  secret  that  the  storm  of  war  came 
like  a  thunderbolt  from  a  clear  sky.  Nine  forts  and  posts 
were  captured  by  strategem  or  assaulr.  and  their  garrisons 
for  the  most  part  massacred.  Thus  fared  Le  Boeuff  Ve- 
nango, Presque  Isle  on  Lake  Erie,  Le  Bay  on  l.akc 
Michigan  St.  Joseph's,  Miami,  Ouachtanon,  Sanduskv 
and  Machinaw.  These,  with  the  larger  and  stronger  forts 
o.  Detroit,  Niagara  and  Fort  Pitt,  were  all  attacked  at 
about  the  same  time. 


SIEGE    OF    DETROIT. 

The  most  difficult  task  of  all.  the  capture  of  Detroit 
Pontiac  took  ,n  hand  himself.  And,  no  doubt,  he  would 
have  succeeded  at  once  had  not  his  plans  been  betrayed 
by  an  Indian  maiden  to  Major  Gladwyn,  who  wns  in  com- 
mand of  that  important  stronghold.  He  was  forced  to  the 
alternative  of  a  regular  siege,  in  which  he  displayed  won- 
derful fertility  of  resources.     Several  parties  sent  to  the 


:*       . 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


21 


relief  of  the  besieged  garrison  were  surprised  and  cut  off. 
Vessels  were  boarded  by  the  savages  from  their  canoes  ; 
immense  fire  rafts  w.ere  floated  down  the  river  to  destroy 
the  ships  of  the  English.  The  impetuous  Dalzell,  a  friend 
of  Putnam,  and  an  aid  of  Amherst,  heading  a  sortie  or 
night  attack  upon  the  forces  of  Pontiac,  was  himself  am- 
buscaded and  slain  with  fifty-eight  of  his  men.  A  thou- 
sand warriors  surrounded  the  fort  at  Detroit,  but  Major 
Gladwyn  had  300  good  soldiers  in  the  fort,  and  was  pro- 
tected by  armed  vessels  at  anchor  on  the  river  front. 
Pontiac 's  greatest  difficulty  was  in  securing  provisions  for 
such  an  immense  horde  of  savages.  A  currency  of  birch 
bark  with  Pontiac's  stamp  was  employed  in  obtaining  sup- 
plies from  neutral  French  settlers  and  neighboring  tribes. 
To  his  lasting  honor  let  it  be  recorded  that  Pontiac  saw 
to  it  that  every  piece  of  birch  bark  that  bore  his  sign- 
manual  was  fully  redeemed  after  the  war.  Not  a  few 
white  individuals  and  communities  are  put  to  shame  by  the 
integrity,  sacrifice  and  fidelity  of  the  great  Ottawa  chief- 
tain. He  had  the  vices  of  his  race,  no  doubt,  to  some 
extent,  but  their  noblest  virtues  of  courage,  patience,  for- 
titude, honesty  and  magnanimity  were  well  illustrated  in 
his  character.  Had  he  succeeded  in  reducing  Detroit  and 
precipitating  his  vast  horde  of  besiegers  upon  Fort  Pitt, 
there  is  little  doubt  but  that  it  would  have  fallen  and  the 
English  been  driven  to  the  sea. 

Fortunately  for  the  provinces,  the  great  leader  of  the 
conspiracy  was  foiled  and  detained  in  his  efforts  to  cap- 
ture Detroit  until  Bouquet  had  routed  his  Eastern  Con- 
federates on  the  bloody  field  at  Bushy  Run,  after  the  best 
contested  Indian  battle  ever  fought  in  the  wilds  of  America. 


SIEGE    OF    FORT    PITT    AND    LIGONIER. 

And  now  let  us  turn  to  this,  the  main  object  of  oiir 
sketch.  As  intimated  before,  the  Indian  uprising  of  1763 
was  a  great  surprise  to  the  military  and  civic  .authorities  of 
the  land.  It  is  true  that  there  were  signs  of  outbreak,  but 
nobody  dreamed  that  it  would  assume  such  vast  propor- 
tions and  be  fraught  with  such  direful  consequences.    The 


li 


22 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


I 

li 


ill 

•if 


traders,  who  are  supposed  to  understand  Indian  character 
and  intentions  better  than  any  other  class,  were  mostl)- 
caught  in  the  whirlwind  of  d  saster  and  overwhehned  by 
the  suddenness  of  the  outbreak.  It  was  stated  in  the 
journals  of  that  day  that  over  one  hundred  traders  lost 
their  lives,  and  that  property  lost  by  them  among  the  In- 
dians or  taken  at  the  capture  of  the  interior  posts  amounted 
to  about  two  and  a-half  millions  of  dollars.  So  great  a 
loss  seems  hardly  possible.  f^ort  Pitt  at  this  time  was  in 
charge  of  Captain  Simeon  Ecuyer,  a  brave  and  skillful 
Swiss  officer,  like  Bouquet  himself. 

On  the  4th  of  May,  1763,  he  wrote  Bouquet  that  "  Maj. 
Gladwyn  writes  to  me  that  I  am  surrounded  by  rascals. 
He  complains  a  great  deal  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawa- 
noes.     It  is  i\\\'s,  canaille  who  stir  up  the  rest  to  mischief." 
On  the  27th  a  party  of  Indians  encamped  near  the  fort 
and  offered  to  trade  a  great  quantity  of  valuable  furs  for 
bullets,  hatchets,  gunpowder,  ^x.     They  were  looked  upon 
with  suspicion.      On  the  29th  of  May  Ecuyer  wrote  an 
important  letter  to  Bouquet,  which  seems  to  have  been 
about  the  last  that  got  through  before  communication  was 
cut  off  ;  for  on  the  17th  of  June  Lieutenant  Blane,  com- 
manding at   Fort  Ligonier  wrote  Bouquet    that  he    had 
heard  nothing  from  Fort  Pitt  since  May  30.     No  further 
tidings  were  received  until  Bouquet  cut  his  way  throuirh 
in  August.  ^ 

The  following  is  Captain  Ecu  -'s  letter  in  full,  a  copv 
of  which,  in  the  original  French,  as  well  as  an  English 
translation,  has  been  kindly  furnished  the  writer  by  Francis 
Parkman,  the  historian  of  Pontiac,  &:c. 

c  A  ,  ^^^'^  VvvY,  May  29,  1763. 

SIR.— A  large  party  of  Mingoes  arrived  at  the  beginning  of 
the  rnonth  and  gave  up  to  us  ton  horses  of  poor  quality  xliev 
asked  me  for  presents,  but  I  refused  everything  they  had  to  otTcr 
except  eight  merits  of  Indian  corn,  ( i.  e.:  24  bushels,  C.  C,  ) 
which  they  planted  opposite  Crognns'  house,  where  they  have 
built  a  town.  In  the  evening  of  the  day  before  yesterday,  Mr. 
McKee  reported  to  me  that  the  Mingoer  and  Delawares  were  in 
motion  and  had  sold  m  a  great  hurry  skins  to  the  value  of /soo. 
with  which  they  bought  as  much  powder  and  lead  as  they  pfeascd! 
^  esteiday  I  sent  him  to  their  towns  to  get  information,  but  he 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


23 


fuund  them  entirely  abai.doneJ,  and  followed  their  trail  and  si 
certain  that  they  have  gone  down  the  river,  which  makes  me 
think  that  they  want  to  interrupt  our  boats  and  close  the  passage 
against  us.  They  stole  three  horses  and  a  cask  of  rum  at  Bushy 
Run.  They  even  robbed  a  man  named  Coleman  of  ^50,  (  on 
the  Bedford  load,  )  holding  their  guns  against  his  body.  I  am 
assured  that  the  famous  Wolfe  and  Butler  were  the  chiefs  ;  it  is 
clear  that  they  want  to  break  with  us.  I  pity  the  poor  people  on 
the  communication.  1  am  at  work  to  put  this  post  in  the  best 
position  possible  with  the  few  people  I  have.  Just  as  1  was  finish- 
inp-  my  letter,  three  men  came  from  Clapham's  with  the  melan- 
choly news  that  yesterday,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the 
Indians  murdered  ^lapham  and  everybody  in  his  house.  These 
three  men  were  at  work  outside  and  escaped  through  the  woods. 
I  gave  them  arms  and  sent  them  to  aid  our  people  at  Bushy  Run. 
The  Indians  have  told  Byerly  (  at  Bushy  Run  )  to  leave  his  house 
within  four  days,  or  he  and  all  his  family  would  be  murdered.  I 
tremble  for  the  small  posts.     As  for  this  one,  I  will  answer  for  it. 

S.  ECUYER. 

If  you  do  not  often  get  letters  from  me,  it  will  be  a  proof  that 
the  communication  is  cut. 

To  Colonel  ^ioiiqnet. 

From  this  time  until  the  tenth  of  August,  the  garrison 
was  cooped  up  in  the  fort,  and  communications  cut  off. 


THE    FLIGHT    OF    THE    BYERLYS   TO    FORT    LIGONIER. 

Let  US  take  another  look  at  Bushy  Run  before  we  dwell 
upon  the  siege  of  Fort  Pitt. 

As  Ecuyer  states,  Byerly  had  received  warning,  but  his 
family  was  in  no  condition  to  be  moved.  Mrs.  Byerly 
had  just  been  confined  and  the  departure  was  delayed  as 
long  as  possible,  indeed  until  certain  death  was  imminent 
if  the  flight  should  be  any  longer  postponed.  Byerly  had 
gone  with  a  small  party  (perhaps  Clapham's  men  referred 
to  above)  to  bury  some  persons  who  had  been  killed  at 
some  distance  from  his  station.  A  friendly  Indian  who 
had  often  received  a  bowl  of  milk  and  bread  from  Mrs. 
Byerly  came  to  the  house  after  dark  and  informed  the 
family  that  they  would  all  be  killed  if  they  did  not  make 
their  escape  before  daylight.  Mrs.  Byerly  got  up  from 
her  sick  couch  and  wrote  the  tidings  on  the  door  of  the 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


III 


house  for  the  information  of  her  husband  when  he  should 
return.  A  horse  was  saddled  on  which  the  mother  with 
her  tender  babe  three  days  old  in  her  arms  was  placed,  and 
a  child  not  two  years  old  was  fastened  behind  her. 

Michael  Byerly  was  a  good  sized  lad,  but  Jacob  was 
only  three  years  old  and  had  a  painful  stone  bruise  on  one 
of  his  feet.  With  the  aid  of  his  older  brother  who  held 
him  by  the  hand  and  sometimes  carr^  ed  him  on  hij  back, 
the  little  fellow,  however,  managed  to  make  good  time 
through  the  wilderness  to  Fort  Ligcnier  about  thirty  miles 
distant.  But  although  he  reached  his  ninety-ninth  year 
he  never  forgot  that  race  for  life  in  his  childhood,  nor  did 
he  feel  like  giving  quarters  to  hostile  Indians,  one  of  whom 
he  killed  on  an  island  in  the  Alleghany  in  a  fight  under 
Lieutenant  Hardin  in  1779,  although  the  -  vage  begged 
foi  quarters. 

Milk  cows  were  highly  prized  by  frontier  families  in 
those  days,  and  the  Byerly  family  made  a  desperate  effort 
to  coax  and  drive  their  small  herd  along  to  Fort  Ligonier. 
But  the  howling  savages  got  so  close  that  they  were 
obliged  to  leave  the  cattle  in  the  v/oods  to  be  destroyed 
by  the  Indians,  Byerly  in  some  way  eluded  the  Indians  and 
joined  his  family  in  the  retreat.  They  barely  escaped 
with  their  lives.  The  first  night  they  spent  in  the  stock- 
ade, and  in  the  morning  the  bullets  of  the  pursuers  struck 
the  gates  as  the  family  pressed  into  the  fort.  Here  they 
were  compeUed  to  remain  two  months,  exposed  to  great 
privations  and  repeateo  assaults  of  Indians.  Fort  Pitt 
would  have  been  nearer  and  preferable  as  a  place  of  safetv 
had  it  been  possible  to  reach  it.  As  it  was  they  had  t> 
choose  the  longer  road  ?-id  the  weaker  fort  as  the  only 
chance  of  escape  frc  11  the  red  demons.  At  Fort  Pitt 
Capt.  Ecuyer  put  everything  in  the  best  possible  shape  for 
defence.  The  garrison  consisted  of  330  soldier,  traders 
and  backwoodsmen,  who  were  armed  and  drilled  for  the 
emergency.  There  were  also  about  one  hundred  women 
in  the  fort  and  a  still  greater  number  of  children. 

"A  hospital  was  constructed  under  the  drawbiidge,  out 
of  range  of  musket  shot,  for  patients  suffering  from  small- 
pox, and  the  cai)tain   was  very  apprehen.sivc   that  discn-.e 


»m.m 


AND  ." 


'AMPAIGNS. 


25 


would  break  out  in  cpiuLUiic  form  as  a  result  of  the  over- 
crowded I ondition  of  tlie  fort.  He  seemed  to  have  no 
fear  of  ksing  ttie  fort.  A  letter,  written  at  the  time, 
says,  "  we  are  in  such  a  good  posture  of  defence  that  with 
God's  assistance  we  can  defend  it  against  a  thousand 
Indians." 

Careful  preparation  was  made  for  an  attack.  Buildings 
outside  of  the  ramparts  were  levelled  to  the  g-.ound,  and 
every  morning  at  an  hour  before  dawn  the  drum  beat  and 
the  troops  were  ordered  to  their  alarm  posts.  A  heavy 
guard  was  kept  on  duty  night  and  day.  "  I  am  deter- 
mined to  hold  my  post,  spare  my  men  and  never  expose 
them  without  necessity.  This  is  what  I  think  you  require 
of  me,"  wrote  the  brave  and  judicious  Ecuyer  to  Bouquet. 
It  was  next  thing  to  death  to  expose  a  head  on  the  ram.- 
parts,  or  to  wander  outside  the  fortification.  Lurking 
savages  were  at  hand  to  pick  off  the  unwary. 

On  the  25th  of  June,  the  Indians  captured  a  lot  of 
horses  and  cattle,  belonging  to  the  fort.  A  general  fire 
was  then  opened  on  the  fort  from  all  sides.  A  discharge 
of  howitzers  threw  them  into  confusion  and  made  them 
act  more  cautiously.  Next  morning,  Turtle  Heart,  a  Dela- 
ware chief,  approached  the  fort  in  the  guise  of  friendship, 
and  advised  the  commander  and  garrison  to  withdraw  and 
take  the  women  and  children  down  to  the  English  settle- 
ments, in  order  to  escape  destruction  from  the  six  great 
nations  of  Indians,  who  were  coming  to  destroy  them.  He 
promised  that  they  would  be  protected  in  makinp;  their 
escape.  This  was  the  ruse  by  which  so  many  traders  and 
smaller  posts  had  been  deceived  and  finally  treacherously 
murdered  after  they  hau  given  up  their  arms.  But  Ecuyer 
was  not  to  be  caught  with  such  chaff.  He  replied  in  a 
very  ironical  way,  thanking  the  Delaware  brothers  for  their 
great  kindness,  and  assuring  them  that  he  ai.d  his  troops 
could  hold  the  fort  against  all  the  Indians  that  dared  to 
attack  it.  "  We  are  very  well  off  in  this  place,  and  we 
mean  to  stay,"  said  he.  He  then  told  them  in  confidence 
that  two  great  armies  were  coming,  one  from  the  East  and 
the  other  from  the  Lakes,  to  destroy  the  bad  Indians, 
while   the  Cherokees  and   Catawbas,   their  old   enemies. 


26 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


\ 


ti 


were  joining  a  third  army  in  Virginia  to  destroy  them. 
This  speech  seemed  to  have  a  demoralizing  effect  upon 
the  savages,  who  withdrew  for  a  season  to  meet  a  large 
body  of  warriors  approaching  from  the  west.  During  this 
interval  Ensign  Price,  from  Fort  Le  Boeiif,  entered  Fort 
Pitt  with  his  command  of  a  dozen  men,  who  had  gallantly 
defended  their  little  post  until  it  was  in  flames  from  burn- 
ing arrows  and  had  then  cut  their  way  out  of  the  rear  and 
escaped  after  great  |)eril  and  suffering.  The  names  of 
this  detachment  of  Royal  Americans,  as  far  as  given,  indi- 
cate their  German  descent,  viz.  :  Fisher,  Nash,  1  )ogood, 
Nigley,  Dortinger  and  Trunk.  Captain  Ecuyer  strength- 
ened his  defences  with  a  line  of  palisades,  and  constructed 
a  rude  fire  engine  to  extinguish  flames  caused  by  the 
burning  arrows  of  the  Indians  shot  against  the  sides  and 
roofs  of  wooden  buildings.  July  26,  a  small  party  of  In- 
dians came  to  parley,  under  the  lead  of  Shingas  and 
Turtle  Heart.  They  professed  great  affection  for  the 
whites,  and  great  concern  for  their  safety.  The  Ottawas 
were  coming  in  great  force  from  Detroit  to  destroy  the 
garrison,  and  they  begged  their  white  brothers  to  depart 
while  it  could  be  done  in  safety.  Ecuyer  replied  that  he 
could  defend  the  fort  for  three  years  against  all  the  Indians 
in  the  woods,  and  that  he  would  never  abandon  it  as  long 
as  a  white  man  lived  in  America.  He  despised  the  Otta- 
was, and  warned  his  Delaware  brothers  to  keep  out  of 
reach  of  his  bombshells  and  cannon  loaded  with  a  whole 
bag  full  of  bullets.  Thwarted  in  their  crafty  and  treach- 
erous schemes  by  which  they  had  succeeded  in  destroying 
Lieutenant  Gordon  and  his  entire  command  at  Venango, 
the  Indians  began  a  general  attack  in  earnest.  Many  of 
them  dug  holes  in  the  river  banks,  from  which  to  fire  on 
the  fort,  and  from  all  sides  bullets  and  arrows  flew  thick 
and  fast.  The  Royal  Americans  and  border  riflemen  from 
their  loopholes  drew  a  bead  on  every  Indian  that  exposed 
his  person  in  the  least.  Ecuyer  was  wounded  in  the  leg 
by  an  arrow,  but  kept  up  the  hopes  and  spirits  of  his  men, 
while  at  the  same  time  he  refused  to  let  them  sally  forth 
to  engage  in  a  hand  to  hand  conflict  with  the  savages,  as 
many  of  them  proposed  to  do.     The  attack   lasted  five 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


27 


days  and  five  nights.  Ecuver  si)eaks  with  great  admira- 
tion of  the  conduct  of  his  men — "  reguhirs  and  the  rest." 
"  I  am  fortunate  to  have  the  honor  of  commanding  such 
brave  men.  I  only  wish  the  Indians  had  ventured  an 
assault.  They  would  have  remembered  it  to  the  thou- 
sandth generation."  Bouquet  wrote  General  Amherst, 
August  II,  in  terms  of  high  praise  of  Ecuyer  for  the 
defence  of  the  fort  and  the  important  additions  made  to 
the  fortifications  during  the  investment. 

In  various  letters,  written  from  the  fort  immediately  after 
the  siege  was  raised,  it  is  stated  that  "  to  a  man  they  were 
resolved  to  defend  the  position  (  if  the  troops  had  not 
arrived)  as  long  as  any  amunition  and  provisions  to  sup- 
port them  was  left  ;  and  that  then  they  would  have  fought 
their  way  through  or  died  in  the  attempt,  rather  than  have 
been  made  prisoners  by  such  perfidious,  cruel  and  blood- 
thirsty hell-hounds.  Some  of  the  w^omen  in  the  fort,  it  is 
said,  helped  to  defend  the  place.  Many  express-riders 
going  to  and  from  the  garrison  have  been  killed." 


DEFENCE  OF  FORT  LIGONIER 

At  Fort  Ligonier  matters  were  even  more  critical  than  at 
Fort  Pitt.  The  stockade  was  bad  and  the  garrison  extre- 
mely weak  but  Byerly  and  a  few  other  frontier  settlers  had 
made  their  way  into  it  witL  their  families  and  helped  to  re- 
pulse the  assaults  of  the  savages.  Lieutenant  Archibald 
Blane  with  a  detatchment  of  Royal  Americans  was  in  com- 
mand, and  conducted  the  defense  with  great  courage  and 
practical  tact. 

On  the  4th  of  June  Blane  writes  :  ''  Thursday  last  my 
garrison  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  Indians,  about  five  in 
the  morning  ;  but  as  they  only  fired  upon  us  from,  the  skirts 
of  the  woods,  I  contented  myself  with  giving  them  three 
cheers,  without  spending  a  single  shot  upon  them.  But  as 
they  still  continued  their  popping  upon  the  side  next  to  the 
town,  I  sent  the  sergeant  of  the  Royal  Americans  with  a 
proper  detachment  to  fire  the  houses,  which  effectually  dis- 
appointed them  in  their  plan." 

On  the  17th,  he  writes  to  Bouquet,  "I  hope  soon  to  see 


yM 


m 


% 


i 


28 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


yourself  and  live  in  daily  hopes  of  a  reinforcement. 
Sunday  last  a  man  stragj^lin-;  out  was  killed  by  the  Indians. 
*  *  1  believe  the  communication  between  Fort  Pitt  and 
this  place  is  entirely  cut  off,  not  h-aving  heard  from  them 
since  the  thirtieth  of  May,  though  two  expresses  have 
gone  from  Bedford  to  that  post."  On  the  21st  the  Indians 
made  a  serious  attack  for  two  hours,  A  small  party  of 
fifteen  men  were  so  exceedingly  an.vious  to  have  a  closer 
tilt  with  the  savages  that  the  lieutenant  finally  yielded  to 
their  entreaties  to  let  them  out  to  attack  some  Indians  that 
showed  themselves  at  a  little  distance.  As  it  turned  out 
this  was  only  a  decoy  to  entrap  them.  About  a  hundred 
savages  lay  in  ambush  by  the  side  of  the  creek  about  four 
hundred  yards  from  the  fort  ;  and  just  as  the  party  was 
returning  near  where  they  lay,  the  savages  rushed  out  to  cut 
them  oli  and  would  have  succeeded  in  doing  so  had  it  not 
been  for  a  deep  morass  which  intervened.  Foiled  in  this 
movement,  more  by  natural  obstacles  then  by  the  judg- 
ment or  sagacity  of  the  v,rhites,  the  Indians  immediately 
began  an  attack  upon  the  fort  and  fired  upwards  of  a  thou- 
sand shots  without  doing  any  special  damage. 

Bouquet  was  deeply  concerned  for  the  safety  of  Fort 
Ligonier,  for  on  its  preservation  depended  the  safety  of 
Fort  Pitt  and  his  own  army  of  deliverance.  A  large  quan- 
tity of  military  stores  were  in  the  magazines  at  Ligonier, 
with  which  the  Indians  might  have  blown  up  Fort  Pitt  or 
reduced  Bouquet's  troops  to  the  greatest  extremities.  A 
picked  party  of  thirty  Highlanders  was  sent  by  a  circu- 
itous route  through  the  woods  traveling  by  night  at  their 
utmost  speed  under  the  escort  of  experienced  guides. 
They  got  close  to  the  fort  without  being  discovered  and 
then  by  a  sudden  rush  and  a  running  fight  they  managed 
to  get  in  without  losing  a  man.  This  was  a  timely  relief 
and  ensured  the  safety  of  the  post  until  the  main  body  could 
arrive. 

Next  to  Ligonier  in  the  line  of  communication  came 
Fort  Bedford,  at  a  distance  of  fifty  miles  across  the  mount- 
ains and  through  the  wilderness.  Captain  Lewis  Ourry 
was  in  command  here  with  a  mere  handful  of  Royal  Ameri- 
cans.    On  the  thir^  of  June  he  wrote  Bouquet  that  owing 


I 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


29 


to  the  arrival  of  express  riders,  (  who  were  generally  sold- 
iers sent  from  one  post  to  another  at  the  peril  of  their  lives,) 
his  regulars  were  increased  to  "three  corporals  and  nine 
privates  "     But  he  had  a  large  body  ot  settlers  who,  fright- 
ened by  depredations  of  the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood, 
rushed  pell-mell  to  the  fort.     These  he  organized  into  two 
military  companies,  aggregating  150  men.     Over  one  hun- 
dred families  had  .ought  refuge.at  the  tort.  When  the  scare 
was  over  for  the  time  being  the  silly  people  would  ven- 
ture out  in  small  squads,  and  many  were  thus  cut  off  and 
slain  by  scalping  parties  of  skulking  savages.    June  seventh 
ho  writes,  "I  long  to  sec  my  Indian  scouts  come  in  with 
intelligenc:e  ;    but    1    long  more  to  hear  the  Grenadiers 
march   and   see   more    red-coats."      Ten   days  later  the 
country  people  in  fancied  security  had  returned   to   their 
i,lintation  so  that  Ourry  was  left  alone  with  a  garrison  of 
only  twelve  Royal  Americans,  who  had  not  only  to  guard 
the  fort  but  likewise  take  care  of  seven  Indian  prisoners. 
He  writes  to  Bouquet  :     "I   should  be  very  glad  to  see 
some  troops  come  to  my  assistance.     A  fort  with  five  bas- 
tions cannot  be  guarded   much  less  defended  by  a  dozen 
men,  but  I   hope   God  will  protect  us."     The  killing  and 
scalping  of  some   families  on  Denning's  creek  threw  the 
settlers  into  a  panic  again,  and   in  a   few  days  the  imjitia 
were  back  frcm  their  farms   and  with  difficulty  could  be 
prevented  from  murdering  the  Indian  prisoners.       Ourry 
feared  that  the  Indians,  despairing  of  taking   Fort  Pitt, 
would  fall  upon  and  destroy  the  smaller  posts  and  ravage 
the   settlements,  which   they  doubtless   would  have  doije 
had  Boucpiefs  advance  l)een  much  longer  delayed.     July 
2d,  about  twenty  Indians  attacked  a  party  of  mowers  and 
killed   several    of  them.     Eighteen    persons    in    all   were 
killed  near  Fort  Bedford.     July  3,  Ourry  received  word 
from  Blane  of  the  loss  of  Presque  Isle  on  Lake  Erie,  Le- 
boeuf,  Venango.  &c.,  which  he  sends  to  Bouquet  with  the 
intimation  that  Blane  had  entertained  some  idea  of  evacu- 
ating or   capitulating    Fort   Ligonier.     Bouquet  replied  : 
"  1  shivered  when  vou    hinted  to  me  Lieut.  Bl — 's  inten- 
tions.    Death  and 'infamy  would  have  been  the  reward  he 
would  expect  i.^.^^ead  of  the  honor  he  has  obtained  by  his 


ij* 


-^r^=^ *     4   -.. 


30 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


prudence,  courage  and  resolution.  *  *  This  is  a  most 
trying  time.  *  *  You  may  be  sure  that  all  the  expedi- 
tion possible  will  be  used  for  the  relief  of  the  few  remain- 
ing posts." 

Parkman  remarks  on  the  above  letter  :  "  Bououet  had 
the  strongest  reason  for  wishing  that  Fort  Ligonier  should 
hold  out.  As  the  event  showed  its  capture  would  proba- 
bly have  entailed  the  defeat  and  destruction  of  his  entire 
command." 

THE   SITUATION    AT   CaRT.ISI-F„ 

Bouquet  had  his  headquarters  in  Philadelphia  as  Colonel 
of  the  first  battallion  of  Royal  Americans  at  the  time  of 
the  outbreak  of  Pontiac  and  his  confederates.  His  Royal 
Americans,  broken  into  detachments,  had  held  the  line  of 
forts  and  posts  between  that  place  and  Detroit  for  over 
six  years.  As  military  hermits  they  held  the  outposts  of 
civilization  in  the  Western  wilderness.  Bouquet,  as  we 
have  seen,  was  held  in  high  esteem  in  Philadelphia. 

He  was  in  the  prime  of  life,  had  a  fine  personal  pres- 
ence, splendid  physique  and  extraordinary  ([ualities  of 
mind  and  heart.  "  Firmness,  integrity,  calmness,  pres- 
ence of  mind  in  the  greatest  of  dangers — virtues  so  essen- 
tial to  a  commander,  were  natural  to  him.  His  presence 
inspired  confidence  and  impressed  respect,  encouraged 
his  friends  and  confounded  his  foes."  Such  is  the  esti- 
mate given  of  Bouquet  by  some  of  the  best  men  of  the 
provinces  who  knew  him  well.  He  promptly  re])orted  the 
situation  to  General  Amherst  as  Kcuyer  had  informed 
him  in  letters  written  at  the  end  of  May.  The  haughty 
and  arrogant  Briton  could  not  believe  that  the  despicable 
savages  would  be  so  audacious  as  to  besiege  his  forts  or 
attack  regular  troops  of  equal  numbers  with  their  own. 
It  is  amusing  to  read  his  brag  and  bluster  and  to  mark  the 
change  wh'  :h  in  some  respects  seems  to  come  over  the 
spirit  of  Ins  dream  as  the  campaign  progresses. 

Bouquet  evidently  knew  his  weak  and  strong  i)oints  and 
knew  how  to  secure  his  hearty  co-operation  in  measures 
necessary  to   the  success  of    the  beleaguered   garrisons. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


31 


lune  2\  Amherst  ordered  Major  Campbell  to  proceed  at 
once  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  with  the  remains  of 
the  42d  Regiment  of  Royal  Highlanders,  and  of  the  77th 
Montgomery's  Highlanders;    the  first  cons.stmg  of  two 
hundred  and  fourteen  men,  mcludmg  officers,  and  the  lat- 
ter of  one  hundred  and  thirty-three.     These  troops  had 
iust  h-nded  from  the  West  Indies  and  were  in  a  very  ema- 
ciated condition,   most  of  them    really  unfit  for  service. 
The   remains   of    five   more  such   regiments  arrived  from 
Havana  July  29,  numbering  in  all  nine  hundred  and  eighty- 
two  -vien  and  officers  fit  for  duty ;  but  by  this  time  bou- 
c.uci  was  bevond  Fort  Bedford.     Amherst  seemed  incap- 
able of  comprehending  the  magnitude  of  the  danger.^^ 

'♦  If  you  think  it  necessarv  "  he  writes  to  Boucpiet     you 
will  youself  proceed  to  Fort  Pitt  i     t  you  may  be  better 
enabled  to  put  in  execution  the  requisite  orders  for  secur- 
ing the  communication  and  reducing  the   Indians  t...  rea- 
son "     Boucpiet  was  not  the  man  to  shirk  duty  or  danger 
in  such  a  crisis.     With  all  the  enegy  of  his  ardent  and 
indomitable  nature  he  threw  himself  into  the  work  of  pre- 
paring an  expedition  for  the  relief  of  the  invested  forts 
and  the  exposed  frontiers.     He  sent  forward  orders  for  the 
collection  of  stores  and  transportation  at  Carlisle  as  soon 
as  the  outlook  became  serious.  ,  •,   j  1 

After  making  the  necessary  arrangements  at  Philadel- 
l)hia,  he  hastened  toward  Carlisle.  At  Lancaster  he  writes 
to  Amherst  exi)ressing  confidence  in  his  ability  to  open  up 
communication  with  the  troops  sent  to  his  assistance. 

Amherst  replies  "  I  wish  to  hear  of  no  prisoners,  should 
any  of  the  villains  be  met  with  in  arms."  On  the  3d  of 
July  Bou(piet  received  what  he  calls  the  "  fatal  account  of 
the  loss  of  our  posts  at  Presque  Isle,  Leboeuf  and  Ve- 
nango." The  express  rider  who  brought  the  message 
from  Bedford  came  through  in  one  day.  He  told  the  dis- 
astrous news  to  the  country  people  who  flocked  about  him 
and  remarked,  as  he  rode  towards  BoiKpiet's  tent,  "  the  In- 
dians will  be  'lere  soon." 

All  was  consternation  and  alarm.  Word  was  sent  out 
to  the  settlements  and  soon  every  road  was  filled  with 
panic-stricken  fugitiv  es  crowding  into  Carlisle.      The  In- 


I! 


32 


COL.  UEiSRY  liOLK^'JET 


dians  were  raiding  through  the  Juniata  regions  and  along 
the  borders  of  the  Cumberland  valley.  A  scouting  i)arty 
found  Shearman's  valley  laid  v»-aste,  the  dwellings  and 
stacked  grain  on  fire,  and  swine  devouring  the  bodies  of 
slaughtered  settlers.  Twelve  young  men  went  to  warn 
the  i)eoi)le  of  the  Tuscarora  valley.  Th<'y  found  the  work 
of  ruin  in  full  blast  already  and  fell  into  an  ambush  in 
wh'ch  they  were  nearly  all  killed. 

The  country  between  the  mountains  and  the  Susciue- 
hanna  was  abandoned.  Two  thousand  families  left  their 
homes  and  fled  to  the  forts  and  larger  towns  for  protec- 
tion. 

A  letter  written  from  Carlisle,  July  5,  176;  gives  us  an 
idea  of  the  terrible  panic  which  existed.  ''  Nothing  coi-.ld 
exceed  the  terro'  which  prevailed  from  house  to  house 
and  from  town  o  town.  The  road  was  near  covered  with 
women  and  children  flying  to  Lancaster  and  Philadelphia. 

The  Rev. ,  ])astor  of  the  K[)iscopal  church,  went  at 

the  head  of  his  congregation  to  protect  and  encourage  ihem 
on  the  way.  A  few  retired  to  the  breastworks  for  safety. 
The  alarm  once  given  could  not  be  apj^eased.  We  have 
done  all  that  men  can  do  to  ])revent  disorder.  All  our 
hopes  are  turned  ui)on  Bouquet."  Instead  of  finding  suj)- 
plies  at  hand  for  his  troops  and  for  the  rciicf  of  the  forts, 
Bouquet  found  a  vast  crowd  of  desjjairntg  and  starving 
peoi)le,  while  crops  were  being  burnt  and  mills  destroyed 
on  all  sides.  July  13th,  Bouipiet  wrote  Amherst  from 
Carlisle  as  follows  : 

"  The  list  of  the  people,  known  to  be  kiiled,  increases 
very  fast  every  hour.  The  desolation  of  so  many  fatnilies 
reduced  to  the  last  extremity  of  want  and  misery  ;  the  de- 
spair of  those  who  have  lost  their  parents,  relations  and 
friends,  with  cries  of  distracted  women  and  children  who 
fill  the  streets — form  a  scene  painful  to  humanity  and  im- 
possible to  describe."  To  procure  precisions,  horses  and 
wagons  unde."  the  circumstances  was  indeed  a  her:^ulean 
task. 

A  few  friendy  Indians  at  the  fort  he  with  difficulty  saved 
from  the  fury  of  the  mob  of  rustics.  Instead  of  helping 
him  forward  the  settlers  were  rather  a  drawback  and  in- 
cumbrance, and  had  to  be  fed  from  the  public  crib. 


■fisaiiiw 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


33 


THE    MARCH    TO    BEDFORD. 

However,  in  i8  days  after  his  arrival  at  Carlisle,  by 
iudidoura^d  energetic  measures,  a  convoy  was  procured 
ind  the  armv  set  out  on  it..  ])enlous  march. 

II  enUre^orce  did  not  exceed  500  men,  of  whom  he 
„Ks    effective  were  the  42d    Highlanders.     Sixty  of   the 

7  h  regiment  were  so  weak  that  they  had  to  l;e  conveyed 

n  w.uons      They  were  intended  fo/  garrison  duty  at  Bed- 
m  ^Y^^o"^-      '     effective  men  at  those  forts  were  to  join 

;::^.^;>^::deUve^crThebare:le^gedHigMjm^ 

their  kilts  and  plaids,  and  their  infirm  /^PP^'^  ^";;f'  f^^ 
little  assurance  to  the  anxious  people  who  watched  their 

'^^nll^^Seof  Braddock  r  ^ew  years  previous  ^ad  ik^^ 
toiLrotten  nor  the  desolation  and  despair  that  ensued. 
N  ad  twice  as  many  Rng-.sh  troops  had  been  slain  on 
tha  Lai  day  as  Bou<iuet  had  in  his  entire  command, 
1  the  Indians  tha/now  infested  the  woods  were  fa 
more  numerous  than  those  who  routed  the  proudest  of  the 

^^  t^.:;;^enr;^,^ra;c:;iisle,  a  great  crowd  of  starving 
people  were  found,  who  had  fled  from  the  tomahawK  and 
Uilpmgknife.  "On  July  25,  1763  there  were  m  Shippen.- 
buri    I  ^84  of  our  poor   distressed  back  inhabitants,  viz  . 
,01   men,  345   ^vomen  and  73^  children,  many   of  whom 
iere    obliged    to    lie   in   barns,  stables,   cellars   and    un- 
der old  leaky  sheds,  the  dwelling  houses  being  all  crowd- 
ed "  says  the  chronicles  of  those  days.     In  such  a  state  ot 
affairs  it  would  seem  that  the  provincial  authorites  and 
frontiers-men  themselves  would  have  united  in  one  grand 
effort  to  drive  out  the  savage  destroyers  of  lite  and  prop- 
erty.    But  Bouquet  could  get  little  or  no  aid  from  tha 
quarter.      A  suicidal  Quaker  policy   pervaded  the  civil 
authorities,  while  the  settlers  seemed  benumbed  with  fear 
and  desi)ondancy.  ,       ,       i 

He  writes  to  Amherst,  "I  ;.-.d  m>self  utterly  abandon^ 
ed  bv  the  very  people  I  am      rdered  to  protect 
I  have  borne  very  patientb    ..'.e  ill  usage  of  this  province 
having  still  hopes  that  they  will  do  something  for  us  ;  and 

B* 


U-.il 


34 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


iih> 


w 


)» 


thereforv  '•■  ve  pvoided  a  quarrel  with  them."  His  efforts 
to  engage  a  body  of  frontiersmen  for  the  campaign  were 
fruitless.  They  preferred  to  remain  for  the  defence  of 
their  families,  forgetting  that  their  homes  and  families 
could  never  be  secure  until  the  savages  had  been  driven 
back  to  their  haunts  beyond  the  Ohio  and  chastised  into 
submission.  Such  a  force  of  men,  used  to  the  woods  and 
enured  to  pioneer  life,  would  have  been  of  vast  service  in 
the  march. 

The  Highlanders  were  sure  to  get  lost  in  the  woods 
when  sent  out  as  flankers.  As  Bouquet  wrote  to  Amherst 
July  26,  "I  cannot  send  a  Highlander  out  of  my  sight  with- 
out running  the  risk  of  losing  the  man,  which  exposes  me 
to  surprises  from  the  skulking  villians  I  li  ive  to  deal  with." 

Doubtless,  however,  the  tactics  resorted  to  in  1758  to 
make  his  men  effective  against  Indian  attack  and  surprise 
during  the  Forbes  campaign,  were  called  into  vigorous 
play  during  this  march,  as  the  outcome  at  Bushy  Run 
clearly  indicates.  At  Bedford,  where  he  arrived  July  25, 
Boutpiet  was  more  fortunate  in  enlisting  frontiersmen  and 
succeeded  in  getting  about  thirty  to  march  with  the  army 
for  flanking  and  scouting  purposes. 

Murders  had  continued  in  the  settlements,  three  men 
having  been  killed  near  Shippen^burg  by  prowling  sava- 
ges after  the  army  passed.  But  thus  far  the  troops  had 
met  with  little  molestation. 


THE    MARCH    TO    MOONIF.R. 

Now,  however,  began  the  real  perils  of  the  march,  and 
greater  caution  was  needed.  Forests,  rocks,  ravines  and 
thickets  abounded  on  every  side,  inviting  their  wily  foe  to 
ambush  the  troops  as  they  threaded  their  way  through  ihe 
valleys  and  across  the  mountains. 

But  Bouquet  knew  exactly  what  the  exigencies  of  the 
situation  required.  July  28,  the  army  started  from  Fort 
Pkdford.  A  band  of  backwoodsmen  led  the  way,  followed 
closely  by  the  pioneers  ;  the  wagons  and  cattle  were  in 
the  centre  guarded  by  the  regulars  and  a  rear  guard  of 
backwoodsmen   closed   \y\^  the  li.e.    Frontier  riflemen,  or 


/!A^Z)  //IS  CAMPAIGNS. 


3  5 


in 


•  ,  o^r^nrPfl  the  woods  on  all  sides,  making 

provincia   '^^^^'^      '^'^^^^^^  with   musket  ir        . 

surprise  ni.possible^  n  .  n^v^nce    Thui  they  toiled  along 

had'^Tn^ng^^ffSt^n.^  the  Highlanders,  who  grew 

'''T''':'^^^^^^^^  ,,,,Ubodyof  pioneer 

'V'^       1  'nd  held  Fort  Ligonier  for  two  long  months, 

settlers,  who  had  lied  1^0"      g  the  red  coats  of  the 

^;SS:^  ^d  th:^ii;:  t  d  plaids  of  the  Higmand- 

„(  the  bloody  fight  a  few  ^^ys  ';'<=' J;'^'>^,^,,,d  so  oft 
The  clan  Campbell,  »h°'*<=  ™;™';'f '  „e  was  well  repre- 
l^V^tlZ  &:"of  tt,f;,e7s  a™,  of  deUve. 
""i-^.  Indians  disappeared  as  '^e  troopVam™ached  but 
no  tidings  had  been  'e«.ved  f™»  ,°'' „3  ,nd  oxen  be- 
Bouquet  wMsely  ^f  °'^=^ '^.'^l^™,  ,Lt  of  his  convoy, 
liind,  which  were  the  most  <=  '">';'™"    I      •     ^    ^^^,  sh„,,e 

■■"■  "^■^^'Vatn^r'^ireT  Zd  Id lU  forty  pack  ho.ls 

„oops,  in  hopes  of  ^----STthe"  ndlans  l^n^^ 
^-l;\^'f«i}iov...n,ont. 

iio  COW  numerous   Inciian  iransi  t-iun^iinj,  j 

':er:JrH,e  annyhad  passed  T'- -™g«  -  \°"e 
*u«  oU.rt  fn  nsrerta m  the  number  and  character  oi  uic 
'troops:  and"  w'S  their  opportunity  ,o  surprise  and 

"tctiuetTad  his  plans  well  arranged  for  the  speedy 


36 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


!'•   i 
'if 

i! 


,■  -I 


relief  of  Fort  Pitt  in  a  way  lliat  wovihl  be  uios^  likely  o 
thwart  the  designs  of  the  savages.  His  intention  was  to 
push  on  to  Bushy  Run,  which  would  be  an  excellen  place 
for  man  and  beast  to  rest  and  recuperate  for  a  few  hours 
and  then  set  out  and  make  a  forced  march  by  nigh 
through  the  defiles  at  Turtle  Creek,  where  he  expected 
the  savages  would  try  to  ambuscade  lis  troops. 

BUSHY    RUN    13ATTLE. 


Accordingly,  on  the  morning 
set  out  at  an  early  hour  ov 


of    .\ugust  5,  1763,  the 
troops  set  out  at  an  eariy  num  uver  the  hills,  and  through 
the  hollows  of  what  now  forms  the  heart  of  Westmoreland 
county   Pa      Along  the  Forbes  road,  shrouded  on  ail  sides 
by  dense  forests,  they  moved  at  a  lively   rate.      By  one 
o'clock  the  jaded  column  had  advanced  seventeen  miles, 
and  Andrew  Byerly,  along  with  a  detachment  of  eighteen 
soldiers  in  the  advance,  cheered  the  weary  troops  with  the- 
welcome  tidings  that  Bushy  Run,  their  resting  place,  was 
only  half  a  mile  distant.     All  were  pushing  forward  with 
renewed  vigor,  when  suddenly  tne  whole  line  was  startled 
by  the  report  of  rifles  in  the  front.     A  fierce  assault  had 
been  made  on  the  vanguard  and  the  firing  was  quick  and 
sharp.     Twelve  out  of  eighteen  fell  in  the  unequal  con- 
flict that  ensued  before  the  two  advance  companies  could 
press  forward  to  the  relief  of  their  comrades.     The  firing 
became  furious,  indicating  that  the  Indians  were  in  large 
force  and  were  fighting  with  unusual  courage. 

The  convoy  of  packhorses  was  halted,  the  troops  were 
formed  into  line  and  a  general  bayonet  charge  was  made 
through  the  forest.  The  yelping  savages  gave  way  before 
the  cold  steel  of  the  Highlanders.  But  just  as  the  route 
seemed  cleared  in  front,  ter  ''' ^  war  whoops  resounded 
through  the  woods  on  eithe-  :■  .  k,  and  an  uproar  among 
the  packhorse  drivers  indie;.  ihat  the  convoy  was  at- 
tacked in  the  rear.  The  troops  in  advance  were  instantly 
recalled  to  defend  the  convo  Driving  away  the  savages 
by  repeated  bayonet  charges  ihey  formed  a  circle  around 
the  crowded  and  frantic  horses.  It  was  a  new  kind  of  work 
for  the  Highlanders,  but  they  bore  themselves  with  great 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


37 


.ea.>„ess  and  ^^^^^^^:t:.^:S^t. 


described  such  a  scene  . 

"At  once  Iheie  rose  so  vvild  a  yell 
Within  that  dark  and  narrow  dell 
As  all  the  fiends  from  heaven  tha   fell, 
Had  pealed  the  banner-cry  of  hell. 
Rushing  up  with  terrific  whoops  the  ,-nted  demons 

,,fter  killing  three  Indians.  ...Qunded  in  the 

y>'"t^ht:;:d\,ntird:rw"  If!^^^  to  change 

around  whom  a  wall  of  flour  bags  was  erected  to  protect 
?1  em  from  the  bullets  which  flew  among  them  thick  and 
t;  fromall  side  during  the  fight^  It  was  indeed  a  sad 
nnrl  r1r<-nr'-     ieht  for  the  wounded. 

TheTl„y  o   thirst  was  ahnost  intolerable,  sprmgs  ran 

ouTo?   he  Wll  sides  near  by    but  tl;>=.  ---B^/^^^^r 
rn:^;dtoconVeyare«.h.Ufulsof«.u. 


Highlanders. 


A   grateful  shower  of  ram   also  afforded 


— -«,- — —  - 


38 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


il 


'<  'I; 


m 


some  relief.  After  Bouquet  had  made  his  dispositions  for 
the  rj>h;  ne  proceeded  to  write  a  report  of  the  battle  to 
General  Amherst,  evidently  supposing  that  he  was  not 
likely  to  survive  the  conflict  the  coming  day.  The  re- 
nort  was  written  amid  all  the  bustle  of  the  camp  when 
danger  and  death  in  their  most  horrid  forms  stared  him 
in  the  face,  and  yet  how  carefully,  calmly  and  correctly 
everything  of  note  is  stated  !     Here  it  is. 

REPORT    OF    THE    FIRST    DAY's    FIGHT    NEAR    BUSHY     RUN. 

Camp  at  Edge  Hill, 
26  Miles  from  Fort  Pitt,  5th  Aug.  1763. 

Sir  :  The  second  instant  the  troops  and  convoy  a  -rived  at 
Ligonier,  where  I  could  obtain  no  intelligence  of  t'ie  enemy.  The 
expresses  sent  since  the  beginning  of  July,  having  been  either 
killed  or  obliged  to  return,  all  the  passes  being  occupied  by  the 
enemy.  In  this  uncertainty,  I  determined  to  leave  all  the  wagons, 
with  the  powder,  and  a  quantity  of  stores  and  provisions,  at  Ligo- 
nier, and  on  the  4th  proceeded  with  the  troops  and  about  340 
horses  loaded  with  flour. 

I  intended  to  have  halted  to-day  at  Bushy  Run,  (a  mile  beyond 
this  camp),  and  after  having  refreshed  the  men  and  horses,  to 
have  marched  in  the  night  over  Turtle  Creek,  a  very  dangerous 
defile  of  several  miles,  commanded  by  high  and  rugged  hills  ;  but 
at  one  o'clock  this  afternoon,  after  a  march  of  17  miles,  the  say- 
ages  suddenly  attacked  our  advance  guard,  wliich  was  immedi- 
ately supported  by  the  two  Light  Infantry  comp.mies  of  the  42d 
regiment,  who  drove  the  enemy  from  their  ambusradc  and  pur- 
sued them  a  good  way.  The  savages  returned  to  the  attack, 
and  the  fire  being  obstinate  on  our  front  ai.d  extending  along  otir 
flanks,  we  made  a  general  charge  with  tlie  whole  line  to  dislodge 
the  savages  from  the  heights,  in  which  attempt  we  succeded, 
without  by  it  obtaining  any  decisive  advantage,  for  as  soon  as 
they  were  driven  from  one  post,  they  appeared  on  another,  till, 
by  continued  reinforcements,  they  were  at  last  able  to  surround 
us  and  attacked  the  convoy  left 'in  our  rear  ;  this  obliged  us  to 
march  back  to  protect  it.  The  action  tlien  became  general,  and 
though  we  were  attacked  on  every  side,  and  the  savages  exerted 
themselves  with  uncommon  resolution,  they  were  constantly  re- 
pulsed with  loss;  we  also  suffered  considerably.  Crq)t.  Lieut. 
Graham  and  Lieut.  James  Mcintosh,  of  the  42d,  are  killed,  and 
Capt.  Graham  wounded.  Of  the  Royal  American  Regt.,  Lieut. 
Dow,  who  acted  as  A.  I).  O.  M.  Ci.,  is  shot  through  the  body. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


39 


Excellency  this  early  ■"f"'''™"™'  ''',",'  IZ,  *L-  ITovinces,  for 
take  such  measures  as  you  •'r,\„7P  1  ef  of  Fort  P'.tt,  as  in  case 
,l,eir  own  safety,  and  the  ^^f  ^^»  ^  ™^„'„,,bte  difficulties  in  pro- 

:<Srn';:S;irc^^-*rnf  rwoundea.  whose  situation  .s 

truly  deplorable.  ,,pUnowledee  the   constant    assistance   I 

I  cannot  sutticiently  '^cknoNUu  ge  i  ^^^ 

have  received  from  Major  Campbd    durn^^^^t^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^ 

express  my  admiration    of  ^^^^^  ^^"^fCfonlcis,  and  drove  the 
£r  t:.  ttr-ptt^i*  a  hi^rts.     The  con^uctof  the 
officers  is  much  above  my  praises. 
°*n,av".he  honor  to  he  with  J^-t^-P'^'^'i,,^,,  boUQU.T, 

To  His  Excellency   Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst. 

'7''  ;,ri  occasional  s  ots  fton,  the  deep  thickets  and 
demons  ^vere  o  gU,  '1  ^  nteancc.  ^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^ 
Sl-t  knowmg  "t.  if  he  andVis  supp.es  co^d  be  c.t 
o«  -d  captured  ^^^J^^.^^^^ 
^verihc  lit  securel/sheltered  of  the  troops  could  get 
at  such  a  time. 

SECOND    day's    fight,  AUGUST    6. 

With  the  first  gray  streaks  of  dawn  came   those  inces- 
sa^stage  ye  s  preluding  a  fierce  assault  on  every  side^ 

c;.onf mm   every  tree   and   bush   that  could  conceal  an 
Soon  from   ever)  i  ^^^  ^^soXt^  forces 

^rR^ol'^efrh^  Colonel  himself,  with  his  bright  uniform. 


40 


COL.  H'  .\fRY  BOUQUET 


^  1 

^B       ' 

lIE 

was  a  conspicuous  mark,  and  the  balls  whizzed  about  him 
so  thick  that  he  concluded   to   change  his  dress.     \V  hi  e 
doing  so,  behind  a  large  tree,  no  less  than  fourteen  bullets 
stnick  it.     As  on  the  previous  day,  the  savages  made  frc- 
duent   impetuous   onsets   in   order  to   break  through  the 
line  of  defence.       But  they  were  firmly  met  and  gallantly 
repulsed    at    every  point.     The    gleam    of    the   bayonets 
would  cause  them  to  retire  swiftly  to   the  bushes,  but  the 
moment  the  charge  ceased  they  were  back  again  with  their 
demoniac  yells,  popping   away  at   every  exposed   ^"'Vl^"""' 
The  long  march  and  hard  fight  of  the  previous  day,  added 
to  their  l)urning  thirst,  "  more    intolerable   than  the  ene- 
my^ fire,"  as   Bouquet   puts  it,  left   the   troops  in  rather 
sorry  plight  to  contend  with  such  alert  and  daring  assail- 
ants      The  Indians  had  every  advantage  on  their  side  in 
the  way  of  shelter  from  the  nre  of  the  troops  and  being 
without  anv  encumbrance  they  could  attack   and  retreat 
with  the  greatest  ease  and  rapidity.     The  savages  marked 
the  increasing  fatigue  and  distress  of  the  troops  and,  con- 
fident of  speedy  triumph,  derided  them  in   bad   English 
and  vulgar   ribaldry.     Keekyuskung,   a    Delaware  chief, 
who  had  taken  part  in  the  murder  of  Colonel  Clapham  and 
his  family,  and  who  was  a  ringleader  m    gettmg   up  the 
conspiracy  in  general,  was  conspicuous  in   this   kind   ot 
work  throughout  the  morning,  as  he  had  been  also  on  the 
previous  night.      His  taunts  were  all  the  more  provoking, 
as  he  bellowed  them  forth  from  behind  a  large  tree,  be- 
cause he  had,  in   times  past,  received  many  favors  from 
Colonel  Bouquet  and  the    Royal  Americans,  when  on  his 
visits  to  Fort  Pitt.  , 

The  interior  of  the  camp  was  in  great  confusion  owing 
to  the  fright  of  horses  on  account  of  the  terriffic  war 
whoo-:  resounding  on  all  sides  and  the  hurts  received 
from 'Indian  bullets.  The  cowardly  behaviour  of  the 
pack  horse  men  added  to  the  danger  and  tumult.  I  hey 
forsook  the  poor  brutes  and  hid  themselves  in  terror 
among  the  bushes,  from  which  no  command  or  entreaty 
could  draw  them  to  a  discharge  of  duty,  r.reakmg  away 
from  the  convoy  many  of  tlic  horses  dashed  madly  through 
the  woods,  and  through  the  lines  of  the  contending  forces. 
The  crisis  was  fearful  and  only  a  cool   head,  tertile  in 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


41 


A  n  hrave  heart  unappalled  by  any  danger, 
'■^^Tr'^rthc  emrr<4.cv  The  Veat,  the  toil,  the  thirst, 
roukl  "^^^1^^'"^,^"'"'^ "  ,\  dacious  assaults  of  the  savages 
the  increasing  and  more  ^^^^''!r^^         ^,^y^^  ^^^  spirits  of  the 

^^^  ^«  ^^':^';^:^^^  f^lSlng  rapidly 
wht  their'  rXntlessNoes  l«re  every  moment  growing 

stronger  and  bolder.  ujahest  kind  of   military 

.,„,u.  con^b.ncd  u  ndo™  ^,^^  ^.^  j^^„  „f  defeat, 
dU::T;id  death"!e'.natched  the  n.osC  br.U.ant   vctory 

"■"  Spta"™;;  Lieufen'ant  Barret,  comr„anding  it  is  said 
.  ^L^f'^Uryiand  de.ael,;nent  of  P^v.naa  rangers,  ,.o,n. 
ed  out  to    Bouquet   a   place  «here  a   large  ^^^^ 

boldest  of  the  Indians  m.gln  l>«  >''V'="„"' ,„,,  ,he  hill  and 
,,ar  by  a  well  d-ected  bayon     cl    rgc  a  m^^         ^^ 

!;t",hrtr;:nTird  Br[,:a^e  tbe  sugg^on,  which 

II  colonel  .».f  •>^P;;Vtry"hnrd,aK.,  M^or  » 
teh  :^;r  LSto°n;;:ufalapid  circuit  through  the  woods 

„,ent  at  tl-e  r.ght  nromen        1       tl  n  ^,„e  M^t_^  ^P^_^_^^ 
^nt  «v]:y  before  th:  impetuous  onset  of  the  exultant 

M:,'et  i,^;rue  '^'"fnrrushed  wi,h    detnoniac  fttry 

m  tL  ramp    certain  that  the  fight  was  won. 
'"'b,  t'lus;Ts'''they  supposed   .he,nselves  masters  c^f  the 
neld  th^    Highlanders   changed  tnw.th  aw    d  battle   cry 

".^^ed^^d  hft'ddl^dtvagl    ?,t  t  e,  stood  tbe.r^o,,^ 

with  wonderful  intrepKl.ty,  not  ^"'"S '"  '°°J'^,,^,,h  ^  a 
victory  and  the  great  booty  of  stores  ""fl  f;-;'!'^  "'^^  ^ 
M.oraent  before  they  felt  was   w.thtn  the.r  grasp. 


III    ^ 


A   W 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

agreed  on  all  hands  that  on  this  occasion,  not  only  in  the 
attack  and  the  assault,  but  in  meeting  the  unexpected 
charge  on  their  flank  and  rear,  the  Indians  displayed  un- 
usual courage  and  firmness.  ,  t    j- 

But  a  well  directed  bayonet  charge  no  body  of  Indians 
ever  did  or  will  stand.     Here  Boucpiet  had  them  at  last 
where  he  wanted  them,  at  close  quarters  where  there  could 
be  no  dodging   or  popping    from  behind  the  trees.     The 
Hi'^hlanders  were  at  home  with  the  bayonet  and  only  too 
glad  to  get  a  good  chance  at  the  painted  villains  who  had 
skulked  behind  trees  while  they  shot  their  brave  comrades 
during  the  past   two  days.     Still   the   savages  struggled 
in  hope  of   gaining  the  day,  but  the  shock  was  irresisti- 
ble and,  perceiving  that  they  had  been  caught  in  a  trap, 
they  fled  in  uimultuous  disorder.     In  doing  so  they  were 
obliged  to  pass  in  front  of  the  companies  brought  up  on  the 
oiM)Osite  side  by  Capt.  Basset,  from  whom  they  received 
another  volley.     The  four  companies  now  vied  with  each 
other  in   driving  the  savages  through  the   woods  beyond 
Bushy    Run   without   giving  them   time    Lo    reload    their 
empty  rifles.    Many  of  their  chief  warriors  were  killed  and 
the  rest  utterly  routed.     Among  others,  Kukyuskung,  the 
ungrateful  and  blatant  blackguard,  and  the  famous  war 
Chief  called  "  The  Wolf,"  were  slain. 

Amherst  had  expressed  the  hope  that  no  ])risoners  with 
arms  in  their  hands  should   be  taken,  and   his  wish  was 
gratified.     Historians  say   that   in  the  fight  only  one  In- 
dian was  taken  prisoner,  and  after  a  little  examination 
he  was  shot  down  like  a  captured  wolf.     Hereby  hangs 
a   tale,  which  I  was   told  by  my  great   great   grandfather, 
Jacob  Byerl},  and  his  son  Joseph,  on  Christmas  day  1855, 
two  and  a-half  years  before  the  old  Revolutionary  veteran 
passed  away,  at  the  age  of  99  years.     He  had   heard  it 
often  from  his  father,  wh.o  was   in    the   fight.     When  the 
flight  of  the  savages  had  fairly  begun,  a  Scotch  Highland- 
er dropped  his  musket  and  darted  after  the  fugitives,  as 
only  a  fleet-footed  Highlander  could.      Soon  he  overtook 
and  mastered,  single-handed,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  sav- 
ages, whom  he  was  leading  townrd  the  camp,  when  he  was 
met  by  an  officer  of  Barret's  detachment.    *'  What  are  you 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


43 


•      ■„  Ar,  with  that  fellow  ?  "  said  the  fussy  official.  "  I 

^m"faWn.   him    rColonel   Bouquet.     If  yo"  -»"'  °"--:- 

h"r    arT'plenty  of  them  ^-^^^  y'^^:^ ^^. 

r^';r\,':^^o.rrr;^i/;i:t:i'and'rt'ihe"rfso„er 

Suke  of  Bouquet,  wl.en  informed  of  the  affa.r 

Sixty  dead  Indians  were  found  on  the  fiUd,  ai.a  many 
.ound'ed  had  been  conveyed  away  ^Y  their  fnends.  Bo  - 
met  had  won  a  decisive  but  dearly  bought  ^J^  °  V"  ^^'^^^ 
IffirprQ  were  killed  or  severely  wounded,  and  in  all  one 

the  dead  Indians,  whom  the  regular  troops  disdained  to 

'°  So'many  of  the  horses  had  escaped  through  their  neg- 
lect and  cowardice  during  the  conflict  that  a  l-ge  quan- 
tity of  valuable  stores  had  to  be  d^sroyed  for  lack  ot 
transportation  to  prevent  them  from  falling  ^^to  th^  ^^^^^ 
c,f  the  Indians  after  the  army  passed  on      Lit  ers  were 
made  and  ^he  wounded  were  borne  to  I^^;f  ^  f^  ^^J^^f'^^ 
the  army  encamped  to  rest  and  refresh    ^^^mselves  atter 
the  exhausting  struggle  of  the  past  two  days^     A^t^r    he 
severe  handling  they  had  lately  received  it  was  supposed 
the    Indians  would   not  molest  them   soon   again.       Bu 
ccarcelv  had  they   gone  into  <amp  before  a  volley  was 
fired  h^^o  their  midst'     The  angered  Highlanders  scon  dis- 
eased the  prowling  miscreants  without  awaiting  orders  to 
To  so      Ten  of  the' wounded  died  at  Bushy  Run  and  were 
buried  next  day  where  Harrison  city  now  stands.      1  he 
hXns  returned  to  the  battle-field  after  night  ^^nd  scalped 
all  the  dead  they  could  find.     These  gory  trophies  they 
liook  at  the  garrison  and  raised  the  scalp  haloo,  as  they 
n'rch^d  pa' t'-ort  Pitt  in  a  body,  a  short  time  before  the 
army  appeared  on  the  morning  of  Aug.  lo. 

As  on  the  night  before,  Bouquet  rested  not  until  he  nad 


44  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

written  his  report  of  the  day's  conflict,  which  was  done  in 
such  a  complete  manner  that  he  never  had  occasion  to 
change  or  supplement  it.  ,,   .        ,  .   t 

Throuj-h  the  courtesy  of  her  Majesty  s  government  I 
have  been  furnished  with  an  authentic  copy  of  Bouquet  s 
reports  of  these  conflicts.  The  ofi^cial  reports  are  in  all 
respects  the  same  as  given  by  Parkman,  except  the  indi- 
cated omission  bv  the  copyist  ^^i  the  scalping  operations 
of  the  Rangers  and  i)ackhorse  drivers,  which  I  have  sup- 
plied from  Parkman's  full  text.  But  the  detailed  tabular 
statement  of  killed,  wounded  and  missing  in  the  Bushy 
Run  battles  I  have  never  seen  published  elswhere,  not 
even  by  Parkman.  It  is  very  im|)ortani  ...i  interesting, 
showing  the  relative  losses  of  the  Highlanders,  Royal 
Americans  and  Rangers.  The  flrst  named  formed  nearly 
two-thirds  of  Boiupiet's  force,  and  besides  hav-*g  to  do 
the  heavy  work,  m.-king  rei)eated  bayonet  charges,  they 
were  not  used  to  the  Indian's  mode  of  fighting  as  were 
the  small  detachments  of  Rangers  and  Royal  Americans. 
Hence  the  loss  of  the  gallant  Scotch  far  exceeds  that  of 
all  other  parties  combined.  The  42d  Regiment  of  Royal 
Highlanders  bore  the  brunt  of  the  fierce  assaults  in  front 
in  the  first  days'  battle  and  has  a  proud  record  on  the  roll 
of  honor. 

bouquets'  rkport  of  second   day's   fight. 

Camp  at  Bushy  Run,  6th  Aug.  1763. 

Sir  :  I  had  the  honor  to  inform  your  Excellency  in  my  letter 
of  yesterday  of  our  first  cngaj,'emcnt  with  the  savages. 

We  took  the  post  last  night  on  the  hill  where  our  convoy  halted, 
when  the  front  was  attacked,  (a  conimoilious  piece  of  ground  and 
just  spacious  enough  for  our  purpose).  There  we  encircled  the 
whole  and  covered  our  wounded  with  flour  bags. 

In  the  morning  the  savages  surrounded  our  camp,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  500  vards,  and  by  shouting  and  yelping,  quite  round 
that  extensive  circumference,  thought  to  have  terrified  us  with 
their  numbers.  They  attacked  us  early,  and  under  favor  of  an 
incessant  fire,  made  several  bold  efforts  to  penetrate  our  canq), 
and  though  they  failed  in  the  attempt,  our  situation  was  not  the 
less  perplexing,  having  experienced  that  brisk  attacks  had  litde 
effect  upon  an  enemy  who  always  gave  way  when  pressed,  and 


ASD  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


45 


nppciircd  ;ii;;iin  iinincdiatcly.  ( )ur  troops  were,  besides,  cxtr  incly 
fatigucil  with  the  lon^j  luardi  anil  as  long  action  of  the  preceding 
dav,  and  distiessod  to  the  last  degree,  by  u  total  want  ol  water, 
much  more  intolen      .:  than  the  enemy's  fire. 

Tied  to  our  convoy,  we  could  not  lose  sight  of  it  without  ex- 
posing it  and  our    vounded  to  fixU  a  prey  to  the  savages,  who 
pressed  upon  us,  on  every  siile,  and  to  move  it  was  impracticable, 
having  lobt  many  horses,  and  most  of  the  drivers,  stupified  by 
fear,  hid  themselves  in  tlie  bushes,  or  were  incapable  of  hearing 
or  obeying  orders.     The  savages  growing  every  moment  more 
audacious,  it  was  thought  proper  to  still  increase  their  confidence 
by  that  -neans,  if  possilile,  to  entice  them  to  come  close  upon  us, 
or  to  strnd  their  ground  when  attacked.     With  this  view  two 
companies  of   laght  Infantry  where  ordered  within  the  circle, 
and  tiie  troops  on  their  right  and  left  opened  their  files  and  filled 
up  the  space,  that  it  might  seem  they  were  intended     i  cover  the 
retreat.     The  Third  Light  Infantry  company  and  the  Grenadiers 
of  the  42d  were  ordered  to  support  the   two    first  companies. 
This  man.jeuvre  succeeded  to  our  wish,  for  the  few  troops  who 
look  possession  of  the  ground  lately  occupied  by  the  two  Light 
Infantry  companies  being  brought  in  nearer  to  the  centre  of  the 
circle,  the  barbarians  mistaking  these  motions  for  a  retreat,  hur- 
ried headlong  on,  and  ad\ancing  upon  us,  with  the  most  daring 
intrepidity,   galled  us  excessively  with  their  heavy  fire ;  but  at 
the  very  moment  that  they  felt  certain  of  success,  and  thought 
themselves  masters  nf  the  camp.  Major  Campbell,  at  the  head 
of  the  first  com|)anies,  sallied  out  from  a  pan  of  .ae  hill  they 
could  not  observe,  and  fell  upon  their  right  flank.     Thoy  reso- 
lutely returned  the  fire,  but  could  not  stand  the  irresistible  sho'k 
of  our  men,  who,  rushing  in  among  them,  kiPed  many  of  them 
and  put  the  rest  to  flight.     The  orders  sent   to  the  oiher  two 
companies  were  delivered  so  timely  by  Captain  Basset,   and  exe^ 
cutcd  with  such  celerity  and  spirit,  that  the  routed  savages  who 
happened  that  moment  to  run  before  their  front,  received  their 
full  lire,  when  uncovered  by  the  trees.     The  four  companies  did 
not  give  them  time  to  load  a  second  time,  nor  even  to  1  ok  be- 
hind them,  but  pursued  them  till  they  were  totally  dispersed. 
The  left  of  the  savages,  which  had  not  been  attacked,  were  kept 
in  awe  by  the  remains  of  our  troops,  posted  on  the  brow  of  the 
hill  for  that  purpose  ;  nor  durst  they  attempt  to  support  or  assist 
their  right,  but  being  witness  to  their  defeat,  followed  their  exam- 
ple and  fled.     Our  brave  men  disdained  so  much  as  to  touch 
the  dead  body  of  a  vanquished  enemy  that  scarce  a  scalp  was 
taken  except  by  the  Rangers  and  pack  horse  drivers. 

The  woods  being  now  clcareu  and  tlK;  pursuit  over,  the  four 


' 


46 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


\i 


companies  took  possession  of  a  hill  in  our  front,  and  as  soon  as 
litters  could  be  made  for  the  woiuuled,  and  the  flour  and  every- 
thing destroyed,  which,  for  want  of  horses,  could  not  be  carried, 
we  marched  without  ni-jlestation  to  this  camp.  After  the  severe 
correction  we  had  given  the  savages  a  few  hours  before,  it  was 
natural  to  suppose  we  should  enjoy  some  rest,  but  we  had  hardly 
hxed  our  camp,  when  they  Hreu  upon  us  again.  This  was  very 
provoking;  however,  the  Light  Infantry  dispersed  them  before 
they  could  receive  orders  for  that  purpose.  I  hope  we  shall  be 
no  more  disturbed,  for,  if  \.j  have  another  action,  we  shall  hardly 
be  able  to  carry  our  wounded. 

The  behavior  of  the  troops  on  this  occasion,  speaks  for  itself 
so  strongly,  that  for  me  to  attempt  dieir  eulogium  would  but  de- 
tract from  their  merit. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  most  respectfully,  Sir,  &c. 

Henry  Bouquet, 

To  His  Excellency,  Fir  Jefterey  Amherst. 

P.  S. — 1  Iiave  the  honor  to  enclose  the  return  of  the  killed, 
wounued  and  missing  in  the  two  engagements.  H.  B. 


AND  I//S  CAMPAIGNS. 


47 


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> 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


^r     ■  t  rnrresbondence-Ammcan  and 
convoy  mto  Fo^   ^^^'^.^^  body  of  savages,  ^^^^^^  /'Le^    Captain 

as  they  were  by  a  Urge  mu  .         .        .         ♦ 

toward  ccnmumeauon.,        .        .     ^ -^^^^^    _,^^  ^„^j,  ,„„ 

L„'rS'ro;.'L';n«"ani'oleSt%er™.,^^^ 

High.  Honorable  Ear.  of  Egrenron..  , 

The  copies  oC  Co.- Henr^^f  ^^Bu^lf  t.^^        „     e 

ponse  to  a  letter  «»tten  ast  Jan  >aj,^  ^^  ^^^  „. 
dorsed  by  Hon  Wm.  S    ^te.  gtr,  ^^^^^^^^^  Secretary 

:r^l'!:r^I"^o,n"-^  t^:;:^;.«:d  o^ctaUy  .y  secretary  ol 

State  Frelinghuysen.  ,,^i^,,t  „f  such 

The  reports  of  B""'^!"'^'';^'"'  models  of  exactness  and 
exciting  and  confusing  scene  are  moUc  ^^^  ^  ^^^^^^^ 
reflect  high  honor  upon  hm  ;^  aj^^j  ,,uh  Gertmn 
Although  a  Swiss  and    ucU    aM  ,^^  ^^.^„,,  EngUsli 

French  and  other  Etiopea^   '     ^^^b;^,^  ^^^^^^ 
better  than  the  great  majority  o         ^  map,  drawn 

With  the  aid  of  these  repo    s    nd  ^^ utc     ^^^^^^  (^ 

up  a  few  years  after  the  battle  it  i  c    >  „_^,,,„„j 

nf  conflict.     The  first  day  s  fight,  w  nc  t;„naware 

r  giment  suffered  » -«t>'-7S'hv\«n.  The  fight 
Hills,  near  Harrison  City  located  m  ,^^^^   j.^^,  ^  ^,„. 

around  the  ™"™>'' "  r?,,'^' „n  the  Wanamaker  f.rnv. 
bushed  and  routed,  took  place 


--^' 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


49 


short  distance  south-east  of  Mr.  W.'s  present  residence. 
The  old  B'orbcs  road  ran  through  the  Wanamaker  and 
Gongaware  farms,  along  a  different  line  from  the  present 
road,  but  that  line  is  well  known  by  Mr.  W.,  and  others, 
who  cleared  away  the  native  woods  on  both  sides  of  the 
Forbes  road.  By  comparing  the  march  and  resources  of 
Bouquet  with  those  of  other  Indian  fighters,  we  are  filled 
with  increasing  admiration  at  his  success,  August  5  and  6, 
1763,  on  the  bloody  fields  near  Bushy  Run. 

With  a  force  of  less  than  500  men,  mostly  composed  of 
raw  Highlanders,  unused  to  Indian  warfare,  Bouquet  de- 
fended his  convey  of  340  pack-horses  and  finally  routed 
the  horde  of  savages  who  had  fought  with  unusual  cou- 
rage and  sagacity.  True,  he  lost  about  one-fou'"th  ol  his 
men  in  killed  and  wounded,  but  an  equal  l:  greater  loss 
was  inflicted  on  his  wily  and  savage  foes.  Compare  this 
with  the  results  of  similar  conflicts.  Braddock,  in  1755, 
with  1,400  men,  lost  nearly  900,  and  out  of  85  officers,  64 
were  killed  or  wounded.  And  yet  he  was  opposed  by 
only  a  few  hundred  Indians  and  French,  who  lost  only  30, 
all  told,  of  their  number.  As  a  consequence,  the  borders 
v/ere  desolated  for  hundreds  of  miles  and  thousands  of 
pioneers  were  driven  from  their  homes  or  massacred. 

Col.  Crawford,  with  500  men,  ip  1782,  was  routed,  and 
himself,  his  son  and  son-in-law  captured  and  burned  at 
the  stake. 

Col.  Loughrey,  with  140  picked  frontiersir.en  from  West- 
moreland, was  surprised  and  all  his  force  captured  by  an 
Indian  deti.chment  in   1781. 

Gen.  Harmer,  1790,  with  300  regulars  and  over  1,000 
volunteers  was  routed  with  a  loss  of  several  hundred  of  his 
best  troops. 

Gen.  St.  Clair,  a  brave  and  able  officer,  i79i,with  1,200 
men,  in  line  of  battle,  expecting  attack  and  provided  with 
artillery,  and  with  large  reinforcements  near  at  hand,  met 
with  overwhelming  defeat,  and  a  loss  of  68  officers  killed 
28  wounded,  together  with  over  half  of  his  men.  And 
these  were  for  the  most  part  viiterans,  used  to  fighting  and 
rommanded  by  gallant  and  experienced  officers. 

In  the  lie;ht  of  these  and  manv  similar  conflicts  in  the 
c 


50 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


olden  times  or  in  recent  years,  the  valor  and  ability  of 
Boiuiuet  shine  forth  in  replendcnt  colors.  Or  take  a  suc- 
cessful Indian  fighter  like  Oen.  Anthony  Wayne  and  we 
find  that  Bouquet  stands  the  peer  of  the  greatest.  Gen. 
Wayne  had  over  1,500  veteran  and  mounted  Iventuckians 
and  2,000  regulars,  including  artillery  in  1794.  After 
sharp  fighting,  he  routed  about  half  his  number  of  In- 
dians, with  a  loss  of  i,i  killed  and  a  hundred  of  his  own 
men  wounded.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  was  about  the  same 
as  that  of  the  whites.  Under  Braddock's  mangement  the 
Indians  killed  fifty  white  to  every  one  of  their  own  number 
slain,  while  under  Bou(piet's  management  they  lost  more  of 
their  own  warriors  than  they  were  able  to  destroy  of  the 
whites.  It  is  to  honor  the  memory  and  perpetuate  the  hero- 
ism of  this  superb  man  and  his  gallant  army  of  deliverance 
that  Westmorelanders  and  all  patriotic  citizens  of  West 
Pennsylvania, Virginia  and  Ohio  are  invited  to  assemble  on 
the  historic  field  of  his  grandest  triumph,  Aug.  6,  1883. 

"The  battle  of  Bushy  Run,"  says  Parkman  the  great 
historian  of  Colonial  time+i,  "  was  one  of  the  best  contest- 
ed actions  ever  fought  between  white  men  and  Indians. 
*  *  *  The  Indians  displayed  throughout  a  fierceness 
and  intrepidity  matched  only  by  the  steady  valor^  with 
which  they  were  met.  In  the  provinces  the  victory 
excited  equal  joy  and  admiration,  especially  among  those 
who  knew  the  incalculable  difficulties  of  an  Indian  cam- 
paign. The  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  vote  ex- 
pressing their  sense  of  the  merits  of  liouquet  and  of  the 
services  he  had  rendered  to  the  province.  He  so*  n  after 
received    die  additional  honor  of  the  formal  thanks  of  the 

The  army  in  a  few  days  reached  Fort  Pitt,  to  the  great 
joy  and  relief  of  the  garrison,  whose  stock  of  provisions 
were  about  exhausted.     IJoucpiet  wrote,  as  follows  : 

To  Sir  Jeff'ery  Amhurst  : 

Fort  Pitt,  Aug.  11.  1763. 

Sir  : — We  arrived  here  yesterday  without  further  opposition 
than  scattered  shots  along  the  road. 

The  Dekwares,  Shawanese,  Wiandots  and  Mingoes,  had  closely 
beset  and  attacked  this  fort  from  the  27th  July  to  the  ist  Inst., 
when  they  quitted  it  to  march  against  us. 


:■  a   i 


iWIWIIIIIll*! 


am 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


51 


The  boldness  of  those  savages  is  hardly  credible  ;  they  had 
taken  post  under  the  banks  of  both  rivers  close  to  the  fort,  where 
digging  holes,  they  kept  an  incessant  fire,  and  threw  fire  arrows. 
They  are  good  marksmen,  and  though  our  people  were  under 
cover,  they  killed  one  and  wounded  seven.  Captain  Ecuyer  is 
wounded  in  the  leg  by  an  arrow.  1  should  not  do  justice  to  that 
officer  should  I  omit  mentioning,  that  without  engineer  or  any 
other  artificers  than  a  few  shipwrights,  he  has  raised  a  parapet  of 
logs  round  the  fort  above  the  old  one  (which,  having  not  been 
finished  was  too  low  and  enfiladed)  palisaded  the  inside  of  the 
area,  constructed  a  fire  engine,  and,  in  short,  has  taken  all  pre- 
cautions, which  art  and  judgment  could  suggest,  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  this  post,  open  before  on  three  sides,  which  had  suffered 
by  the  floods.  The  inhabitants  have  acted  with  spirit  against  the 
enemy,  and  in  the  repairs  of  the  fort.  Captain  Ecuyer  expresses 
an  entire  satisfaction  in  their  conduct. 

The  artillery  and  the  small  number  of  regulars  have  done 
their  duty  with  distinction. 

Sir  Jeffery  Amherst's  letters  add  to  the  above  accounts,  that 
by  his  last  intelligence  the  number  of  savages  in  the  two  actions 
of  the  5th  and  6th  of  August  slain,  was  about  sixty,  and  a  gr:at 
many  wounded  in  the  pursuit.  That  the  three  principle  ring- 
leaders of  those  people,  who  had  the  greatest  share  in  fomenting 
the  present  troubles  and  were  concerned  in  the  murder  of  Col. 
Clapham,  &c.,  viz:  Kikyuscuting,  and  the  Wolf  and  Butler, 
were,  according  to  the  information  sent  him,  killed ;  the  two 
former  in  the  field,  and  the  last  at  Fort  Pitt. 


THE    OWNERSHIP    OF    THE    BUSHY    RUN    TRACT. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  some  writers,  in  recent  as  well 
as  colonial  days,  that  Col.  Ephraim  Blaine  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Ligonier,  which  he  bravely  defended  with 
provincial  troops  until  Bou(]uet  came  along,  after  which 
he  accompanied  the  army  as  commander  of  the  pack-horse 
brigade,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  battle  of  Bushy 
Run,  where  he  came  near  losing  his  life,  &c.  He  then  re- 
solved that  some  day  he  would  become  the  owner  of  that 
historic  field. 

All  this  is  pure  fiction,  evidently  gotten  up  for  a  special 
purpose,  in  order  to  invalidate  the  claims  of  the  Byerlys 
to  the  grant  on  Bushy  Run,  originally  given  by  Col.  Bou- 
quet and  secured  by  settlement  and  valuable  improve- 
ments. 


ii 


52 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


The  name  and  record  of  Lieut.  Archibald  Blane,  (  not 
Hlaine  ),  who  defended  Fort  Ligonier  with  a  detachment 
of  Royal  Americans  in  1763,  have  been  confounded  with 
those  of  Col.  Ephraim  Blaine,  who  first  appears  as  a  com- 
missary sergeant  in  Bouquet's  campaign  of  1764.  Neither 
Lieutenant  A.  Blane  nor  Colonel  E.  Blaine  was  in  the 
Bushy  Run  battle.  The  former  wrote  Bouq'-et  a  letter 
from  Fort  Ligonier,  immediately  after  the  battle,  congratu- 
lating him  on  his  recent  victory  at  Bushy  Run.  See  Park- 
man's  Pontiac,  Vol.  IL,  p.  160.  See  also  page  407,  of 
Washington  —  Irvine  correspondence  —  where  Ephraim 
Blaine's  record  is  correctly  sketched. 

The  truth  is  Ephraim  Blaine  jumped  the  older  and  origi- 
nal Byerly  claim  by  a  patent,  confirmed  by  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Executive  Council  in  the  distracted  days  of  1786,  long 
after  the  death  of  the  elder  Byerly,  and  when  his  widow 
and  children  were  in  no  shape  to  dispute  his  unjust  usur- 
pation. For  forty-one  pounds  of  provincial  currency, 
when  that  currency  was  comparatively  w^orthless,  he  man- 
aged to  get  a  technical  title  to  the  old  Byerly  tract  of  over 
300  acres  along  the  Forbes  road,  on  the  historic  field  of 
Bushy  Run  !  This  was  bad  enough  surely,  but  to  make 
him  one  of  the  chief  heroes  in  the  fight,  to  boost  up  the 
unjust  claim,  is  to  violate  not  only  the  rights  of  a  family 
but  the  rights  of  humanity.  It  pollutes  the  fountains  and 
muddies  the  sacred  stream  of  history  itself. 

It  was  no  great  credit  to  be  in  command  of  the  pack- 
horse  brigade  at  the  Bushy  Run  battle,  as  Col.  Bouquet's 
report  mdicates.  And  we  do  Col.  Blaine's  memory  a  ser- 
vice by  relieving  him  from  the  equivocal  position  in  which 
certain  prominent  individuals  placed  him  in  the  suit  for 
ownership  of  the  battle-field,  when  they  testified  that  Col. 
Blaine  took  part  in  the  battle  of  i7''^3  as  commander  of 
the  pack-horse  brigade,  &c. 

Hon.  Jos.  H.  Kuhns  who  was  counsel  for  the  Blaines 
in  the  later  stages  of  the  suit,  (  when  Blaine's  friends 
claimed  that  he  had  bought  Byerly's  right  and  title)  told 
the  writer  a  few  w-eeks  ago  that  the  general  feeling  at  the 
time  of  the  trial  was  that  the  Byerlys  had  right  and  jus- 
tice on  their  side.     The  presiding  judge,  being  a  resident 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


53 


of  Carlisle  and  a  special  friend  of  the  Blaines,  was  blamed 
with  partiality.  Until  recently  Mr.  Kuhns  believed  the 
fiction  about  the  presence  and  narrow  escape  of  Col. 
Ephraim  Blaine  in  the  battle,  ("c, which  had  been  palmed 
off  in  the  courts,  &c.,  at  the  t?  il. 

But  after  learning  the  real  facts  in  the  case,  and  seeing 
how  the  names  and  records  of  Lieut.  Archibald  Blane  and 
Col.  Ephraim  Blaine  had  been  confounded,  he  wrote  me 
the  following  candid  nore  on  the  subject  : 

Greenshuro,  Pa.,  May  2,  1883. 
Kev.  Cyrus  Cort : 

Rev.  and  Dear  Sir. — Your  esteemed  favor  received.  I  am 
satisfied  that  the  story  of  Blaine's  claim  to  the  battle  ground  is 
apocryphal.  He  was  an  intruder  upon  Byerly,  who  was,  in 
point  of  fact,  the  first  actual  owner  of  the  ground  by  occupancy 
and  legal  authority  of  the  proprietary  government  of  Penn'a. 

Respectfully,  Jos.  H.  Kuhns. 

So  much  for  the  question  of  original  and  rightful  owner- 
ship of  Bushy  Run  battlefield.  Byerly  removed  his  family 
to  Fort  Bedtord,  by  advice  of  Bouquet,  u.itil  peace  was 
firmly  established  at  the  end  of  next  year.  He  then  re- 
turned and  occupied  the  grant  on  Bushy  Run.  About 
the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  hf 
look  his  son  Andrew  to  Lancaster,  Pa.,  to  give  him  a 
chance  to  get  an  education  at  the  home  of  his  step-sisters. 
While  on  this  visit  the  old  gentleman  died,  and  was  buried 
at  Strasburg,  in  that  county.  I  am  indebted  to  Ad.  J. 
Eberly,  es(i.,  and  Rev.  J.  A.  Peters  for  the  following  facts, 
which  should  have  been  stated  at  j)age  17  : 

Record  book  B,  page  349,  contains  a  deed  from  James 
Hamilton,  esq.,  to  Andreas  Byerly,  for  a  lot  of  ground  on 
east  side  of  North  Queen  street,  a  frontage  of  64  feet  and 
4)^  inches  and  a  depth  of  245  feet,  in  the  town  of  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  dated  October  25,  1745. 

The  baptismal  records  of  the  First  Reformed  church  of 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  mention  Andreas  Byerly  as  standing  spon- 
sor for  a  child,  Feb.  3,  1745.  So  also  on  May  3,  1750,  he 
and  his  wife  served  in  same  capacitv  for  a  child  bv  name 
of  Houck,  from   Strasburg  Twp.,  and  again  for  a  Backen- 


'1^ 


54 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


stopp,  Feb.  4,  1753,  under  the  pastorates  of  Revs.  Schnorr- 
bock  and  Otterbein,  respectively. 

The  Byerly  family  resided  for  greater  safety  at  Fort 
Walthour  during  the  Revokition.  Jacob  served  in  several 
campaigns  against  the  Indians,  and  killed  a  chief  in  a  fight 
near  Brady's  Bend,  when  quite  a  young  man. 

Mrs.  Byerly  was  a  very  intelligent,  humane  and   pious 
woman.     She  had  been  well  trained    in   the  doctrines  of 
the  Reformed  Church  of  Switzerland.     She  did  good  ser- 
vice as  a  nurse  an<l  a  kind  of  doctoress  during  those  dark 
and  dangerous  days.     But  her  care  was  extended  to  the 
soul   as   well  as   body.     She  established  a  Sunday  school 
for  the  intellectual  and  religious  training  of  the  neglected 
children  at  the  fort,  and   in   various    ways  was  a  public 
benefactress.     Some  years   after   Mr.  Byerly's  death   she 
was    married  to  a    Mr.   Lord,  an    Englishman.     She  lies 
buried  among  her  children  at  the  old  Brush  Creek  grave- 
yard.    Andrew    Byerly    had    four    sons,    viz.  :     Michael, 
Jacob,  Francis  and  Andrew.    Their  descendants  are  scat- 
tered over  a  great  part  of  the  United  States.      Jacob  en- 
tered the   Revolutionary  army  at   sixteen,   and  saw  hard 
service  for  several  years  in  helping  to  guard  the  frontiers 
against  Indians  and  Tories.     His  son  Andrew  was  major 
in  the  War  of  1812,  and  guarded  the  ships  of  Commodoie 
Perry's  fleet,  while  being  built  on  Lake  Erie.       J^enjamin 
was  a  lieutenant  and  Joseph  a  private,  as  also  iiis  son-in- 
law,    Skelly,  in    the    same  war.     Benjamin   was  likewise 
sheriff  and  assemblyman. 

Captain  George  A.  Cribbs,  who  fell  at  the  head  of  his  men 
at  the  second  battle  of  Manassas,  was  married  to  a  grand 
daughter  of  Jacob  Byerly,  and  Sergeant  Cyrus  Rankin, 
who  fell  on  the  Peninsula,  was  a  great  grandson. 

Mrs.  James  Gregg,  of  Greensburg,  is  a  granddaughter 
of  Michael,  and  Daniel  C.  Byerly,  deceased,  was  a  grand- 
son. 

Prof.  Andrew  Byerly,  of  Millersville  Normal  School,  is 
a  grandson  of  Andrew  II. 

The  descendants  of  Francis  Byerly  are  numerous  in 
Iowa.  Michael,  Jacob  and  Francis  married  three  sisters 
named  Harmon,  whose  mother  was  Christina  Lenhart, 
from  Holland.     Tacob  was  married  in  old  Fort  Walthour, 


•I 


AND  HJS  CAMPAIGNS. 


55 


by  'Squire  Trouby,  during  the  Revolution.  He  and  his 
son  Joseph  are  buried  with  fine  military  monuments  at 
Brush  Creek  graveyard. 

EVIL    RESULTS    OF    PROVINCIAL    APATHY. 

After  their  discomfiture  at  Bushy  Run,  the  Indians 
moved  from  their  towns  along  the  Alleghany  and  Ohio 
rivers  into  the  Muskingum  country,  where  they  fancied 
themselves  entirely  safe  from  molestation,  while  at  the 
same  time  they  could  carry  on  their  depredations  by  sud- 
den incursions  into  the  white  settlements.  It  would  have 
been  wise  policy  and  an  immense  saving  of  life  and  treas- 
ure had  they  been  followed  at  once  to  their  foresffast- 
nesses  and  brought  to  terms  by  a  display  of  military 
prowess  in  their  own  haunts. 

This  was  exactly  what  Bouquet  proposed  to  do.  As 
soon  as  he  had  brought  his  heavy  convoy  through  from 
Fort  Ligonier  to  Port  Pitt,  he  made  strenuous  efforts  to 
secure  reinforcements  for  such  an  expedition  into  the 
heart  of  the  Indian  country. 

August  27,  1763,  he  wrote  General  Amherst  from  Fort 
Pitt  that  with  a  re-inforcement  of  three  hundred  Provincal 
Rangers  he  could  destroy  all  the  Delaware  towns  "  and 
clear  the  country  of  that  vermin  between  this  fort  and 
Lake  Erie."  He  bitterly  complained  that  the  provinces 
would  not  even  furnish  escorts  to  convoys,  so  that  his 
hands  were  completely  tied.  He  candic.ly  admitted  the 
Importance  and  value  of  provincials  for  service  against  the 
savages  in  the  woods,  something  which  Amherst,  like 
Braddock  before  him,  was  loth  to  do. 

October  24,  1763,  he  writes  the  haughty  and  obstinate 
Amherst  as  follows  :  "  Without  a  certain  number  of 
woodsmen  I  cannot  think  it  advisable  to  employ  regulars 
in  the  woods  against  savages,  as  they  cannot  procure  any 
intelligence  and  are  open  to  continual  surprises,  nor  can 
they  pursue  to  any  distance  their  enemy  when  they  have 
routed  them  ;  and  should  they  have  the  misfortune  to  be 
defeated,  the  whole  would  be  destroyed,  if  above  one  day's 
march  from  a  fort.  That  is  my  oi)inion,  in  which  I  hoi)e 
to  be  deceived." 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


•  •     I 


The  Quaker  Provincial  authorities,  backed  by  the  Dun- 
kard  and  Mennonite  elements  among  the  Germans,  seemed 
to  be  utterly  insensible  to  the  dangers  and  sufferings  of 
the  exposed  settlements  near  the  borders.  In  their  more 
secure  abodes  in  the  older  settlements  they  would  prate 
about  the  wickedness  of  war,  and  try  to  justify  their  im- 
practicable theories  by  extensive  scriptural  quotations. 

St.  Paul  teaches  that  civil  government  is  a  divine  insti- 
tution, and  its  representatives  must  not  bear  the  sword  in 
vain,  but  be  a  terror  to  evil-doers  and  a  praise  to  them 
that  do  well.     See  Rom.,  13. 

All  this  was  ignored,  and  in  place  of  it  was  substituted 
a  perverted  theory  of  non-resistance.  The  exhortations 
to  individual  Christians  to  forego  the  gratification  of  pri- 
vate or  personal  revenge,  on  the  ground  of  the  old  law  of 
retaliation,  was  applied  to  civil  rulers  and  governments  in 
a  way  that  was  contrary  to  reason  and  Scripture 

The  Great  Cove,  in  Plair  county,  was  settled  by  Dunk- 
ards  as  early  as  1755.  These  were  exposed  to  Indian 
raids.  "  Gottes  wille  sei get/ian,"  they  would  say,  while  tiie 
brutal  savages  were  tomahawking  their  wives  and  children, 
in  whose  defence  they  would  not  lift  a  finger.  They 
seemed  to  think  that  it  was  the  Lord's  will  that  the  devil 
and  his  agents  should  have  full  swing  without  opposition. 

The  strong  and  vigorous  Scotch  Presbyterian  and  the 
German  Reformed  and  Lutheran  elements  of  the  popula- 
tion had  no  patience  or  sympathy  with  such  sentimental 
views.  When  their  families  or  friends  were  being  ruth- 
lessly slaughtered  by  the  savages,  they  were  filled  with 
indignation  against  all  who  either  directly  or  indirectly 
abetted  the  cruel  destroyers  of  life  and  property. 

Large  numbers  of  Reformed  and  Lutheran  families  had 
settled  along  the  Codorus,  the  Conewago,  the  Monocacy 
and  Connocheague  streams  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
where  regularly  organized  congregations  existed  already 
in  1748,  as  we  learn  from  the  "  Life  and  Travels  of  Rev. 
Michael  Schlatter."  So  also  at  Winchester  and  other 
points  through  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

The  Royal  A'nerican  Regiment,  as  we  have  seen,  was 
largely  conipo.sed  of  this  element   and  commanded  by  ex- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


57 


perienced  German  and  Swiss  officers,,  who  had  seen  service 
in  the  armies  of  the  Dutch  Repubhc. 

The  horrors  of  savage  warfare  fell  upon  these  settle- 
ments and  soldiers,  together  with  their  Scotch-Irish  neigh- 
bors, in  the  Conococheague  settlements. 

The  frendly  Conestoga  Indians   in   Lancaster   county 
and  the  Moravian  Indian  converts  along  the  Lehigh  were 
blamed  for  harboring  and  abetting  some  of  the  marauding 
Indians,  and  the  full   force  of  popular  fury  was  arrayed 
against    them.      When     homes   were   being    daily   deso- 
lated,   parents   tomahawked    and    scalped,    and    children 
carried    into    heathen    captivity,   it    was    natural   for    the 
people    to    hate    the    name   of    Indian    and    to   be  filled 
with   wrath  at  any  one  who    would  protect    or    counte- 
nance  any    member   of   the    race.       The    supineness   of 
the  Provincial  Assembly,' and   their   failure   to  second  the 
efforts  of  such  a  man  as  Bouquet  was  discouraging  and 
demoralizing  and  provoking  in  the  extreme  to  the  regular 
troops,  who  had  suffered  so  much  on  the  outposts,  and   to 
the   hardy   pioneers   in    the   advanced   settlements.     The 
Paxton    Boys,  in    their  riotous  conduct   at  the   Lancaster 
jail  and  in  their  march  to  Philadelphia,  helped  to  awaken 
the  Quakers  from  their  dream  of   lethargic  indifference. 
The  Royal  Americans  had  been  kept  in  the  woods  for 
over  six  years,  and  now  Amherst  sought  to  compel  regulars 
to  remain  in  service  after  the  long  term  of  enlistment  had 
expired.     These  causes  combined  to  produce  great  discon- 
■  tent,  both  among  officers  and  men.     They  were  expected 
to  hold  many  important   posts  and  keep  up  long   lines  of 
communication  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  surrounded 
by  i)rowling  and  hostile  savages.     Lieut.  Archibald  Blane 
and  the  gallant  Capt.  Ecuyer  asked  Bouquet  to  be  relieved 
from    labors    and    responsiblilities    too   heavy  for   their 
strength  and  resources.     And  Bouquet  himself  chagrined, 
at  some  action  of  the  British  government  which  seemed 
to  shut  the  door  of  promotion  against  foreign  born  officers, 
and  worried  out  of  patience  by  the  ingratitude  and  neglect 
of  the  provinces,  felt  himself  constrained  to  do  the  same 
thing. 


Mil 


•  1 


58 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


I 


.vmherst  had  left  for  England,  disgusted  with  the  situa- 
tion and  angry  at  the  provinces  for  want  of  co-operation 
General  Gage  had  taken  his  place  as  commander-in-chief. 
Bouquet  wrote  Gage,  June  20,  1764,  asking  to  be  relieved 
of  the  command,  the  burden  and  itigues  of  whicii  were 
too  great  for  his  strength  to  endure  much  longer. 

He  thus  refers  to  the  condition  of  the  troops  at  the 
same  time:  "  The  three  companies  of  Royal  Americans 
were  reduced,  when  I  met  them  at  Lancaster,  to  55  men, 
having  lost  38  by  desertion,  in  r.y  short  absence.  I  look 
upon  Sir  Jeffery  Amheist's  orders  forbidding  me  to  con- 
tinue  to  discharge,  as  usual,  the  men  whose  term  of  service 
was  expired,  and  keeping  us  seven  years  in  the  woods,  as 
the  occr  -ion  of  this  unprecedented  desertion.  The  en- 
couragement given  everywhere  in  this  country  to  deserters, 
screened  almost  by  every  person,  must  in  time  ruin  the 
army  unle.ss  the  laws  against  harbourers  are  better  en- 
forced by  the  American  (provincial)  government." 

But  Gage  would  not  consent  to  relieve  so  useful  a  man 
in  such  an  emergency.  It  was  agreed  that  two  strong 
bodies  of  troops  should  proceed  into  the  Indian  country 
to  do  what  Bou(iuet  was  anxious  to  do  the  previous  sum- 
mer, i.  e.  chastise  the  savages  into  submission  in  their  own 
native  strongholds.  Bradstreet  was  to  take  a  large  force  by 
way  of  the  Lakes  and  co-operate  with  Bouquet,  who  was 
to  march  with  his  Bushy  Run  veterans  (what  was  left  of 
them)  and  a  large  force  of  provincial  rangers  to  be  raised 
in  Pennsyslvania,  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

The  Pennsylvania  Assembly  voted  to  raise  three  hun- 
dred men  to  guard  the  frontiers  and  one  thousand  to  join 
Bouquet's  expedition  into  Ohio.  Virginia  and  Maryland 
at  first  refu.sed  to  do  anything  for  the  common  defence. 

MASSACRE   OF  A  SCHOOL-MASTER  AND    TEN    SCHOLARS. 

The  summer  of  1764  was  rapidly  passing  away,  and 
nothing  effective  had  yet  been  done.  The  Indians  con- 
tinued their  ravages  and  penetrated  deeper  and  deeper 
into  the  settlements,  killing  and  slaying  the  defenceless 
people. 


A—  .     »»: 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


59 


and 


"In  1764,  July  26,  three  miles  northwest  of  Greencastle, 
Frankhn  county,  Pa.,  was  perpetrated  what  Parkman,  the  reat 
historian  of  Colonial  times,  pronounces  '  an  outrage  unmatc  -d 
in  fiend-Iike  atrocitv  through  all  the  annals  of  the  war.'  This 
was  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown,  a  kind-hearted  exemplary 
Christian  schoolmaster,  and  ten  scholars,  eight  boys  and  two 
girls.  Ruth  Hart  and  Ruth  Hale  were  the  names  of  the  guls. 
Amon<' the  bovs  were  Kbcn  Taylor,  (ieorge  Dustan  and  Archie 
McCullough.  '  All  were  knocked  down  like  so  many  beeves  and 
scalped  b>*the  merciless  savages.  Mourning  and  desolation  came 
to  many  homes  in  the  valley,  for  each  of  the  slaughtered  mno- 
cents  belonged  to  a  different  f-imily.  The  last  named  boy,  m- 
dced,  sur\ived  the  eftects  of  the  scalping  knife,  but  in  a  some- 
what demented  condition. 

The  teacher  offered  his  life  and  scalp  in  a  spirit  of  self-sacrihc- 
in<'  devotion  if  the  savages  would  only  spare  the  lives  of  the  little 
ones  under  his  charge  and  care.  iUit  no  !  the  tender  mercies  of 
the  lioathen  are  cruel,  and  so  a  perfect  holocaust  was  made  to  the 
Moloch  of  war  by  the  relentless  fiends  in  human  form.  The 
school  house  was  located  on  the  farm  now  occupied  by  Mr.  Henry 
Diehl,  and  formerlv  owned  by  Mr.  Christian  Koser.  It  stood  m 
a  cleared  field,  at  the  head  of  a  deep  ravine,  surrounded  by  dense 
forests.  Down  this  ravine  the  savages  fled  a  mile  or  two  until 
they  struck  Conococheague  creek,  along  the  bed  of  which,  to  con- 
ceal their  tracks,  they  traveled  to  the  mouth  of  Path  Valley,  up 
which  and  across  the  mountains  they  made  good  their  escape  to 
their  village,  near  the  Ohio. 

It  is  some  relief  to  know  that  this  diabolical  deed,  whose  re- 
cital makes  us  shudder  even  at  this  late  date,  nas  disapproved  by 
the  old  warriors  when  the  marauding  party  of  young  Indians 
came  back  with  their  horrid  trophies.  Neephaughwhese,  or 
Night  Walker,  an  old  chief  or  ha.f-king,  denounced  them  as  a 
pack  of  cowards  for  killing  and  scalping  so  many  children. 

But  who  can  describe  the  agony  of  those  parents  in  the  Cono- 
cocheague, settlement  weeping  like  Rachel  for  her  children  and 
refusing  to  be  comforted  ?  Or  who  can  describe  the  horror  of 
the  scene  in  that  lonely  log  school  house,  when  one  of  the  settlers 
chanced  to  look  in  at  the  door  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  un- 
usual quietness. 

In  the  centre  lay  the  faithful  Brown,  scalped  and  hfeless,  with 
a  Bible  clasped  in  his  hand.  Around  the  room  were  strewn  the 
dead  and  mangled  bodies  of  seven  boys  and  two  girls,  while  little 
Archie,  stunned,  scalped  and  bleeding,  was  creeping  around 
among  his  dead  companions,  rubbing  his  hands  over  their  faces 
and  trying  to  gain  some  token  of  recognition. 


6o 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


A  few  days  later  the  innocent  victims  of  savage  atrocity  re- 
ceived a  common  sepulture.  Ml  were  buried  in  one  large 
rough  box  at  the  border  of  the  ravine,  a  few  rods  from  the  school 
house  where  they  had  been  so  ruthlc.-sly  slaughtered.  Sue  by 
side,  with  head  and  feet  alternately,  the  little  ones  were  laid  with 
their  master,  just  as  they  were  clad  at  the  time  o.  the  massacre 
Strange  to  sai,  no  memorial  tablet  has  ever  been  erected  over 
their  remains!  Tradition  has  preserved  the  exact  location  of  the 
common  grave  of  master  and  sclu^lars,  and  it  is  not  too  late  yet 
for  grateful,  patriotic  and  philanthropic  Christian  people,  enjoy- 
ing the  blessings  of  civilization,  peace  and  prosperity,  to  render 
this  duty  of  the  living  to  the  martyred  dead. 

August  4,  1843,  or  seventy-nine  years  after  the  slaughter,  a 
number  of  the  principal  citizens  of  Grcencastle  made  excava- 
tions to  verify  the  traditional  account  of  the  place  and  manner 
of  burial.  Some  remains  of  the  rough  coftin  were  found  at  quite 
a  depth  from  the  surface,  and  then  the  skull  and  other  remains 
of  a  grown  person,  alongside  of  which  were  remains  of  several 
children.  Metal  buttons,  part  of  a  tobacco-box,  tL-?th,  cVc, 
were  picked  up  as  relics  by  those  present,  among  whom  were 
some  of  our  citizens  still  living  with  us  in  a  green  old  age,  viz : 
D».  Wm.  Grubb,  Dr.  J.  K.  Davison,  Geo.  W  .  /eiglcr,  Ksci., 
and  Gen.  David  Detrich. 

There  was  a  good  deal  of  talk  t  the  time  about  the  propriety 
of  buying  the  adjacent  grounds,  tying  out  a  road  and  erecting 
a  monument;  but  noti  ing  definite  was  ever  done.  Mr.  Ko^ei, 
the  owner  of  the  farm,  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  matter,  and  in 
lieu  of  a  better  memorial  planted  four  locust  trees  to  mark  *he 
corners  of  the  grave.  Two  of  these  only  survived  and  arc  men- 
tioned by  S.  H.  Eby,  Esq.,  Sup't  of  Common  Schools,  in  his 
interesting  report,  published  1877.  But,  alas!  even  these  im- 
perfect historic  landmarks  were  cut  down  a  few  years  ago  tor 
the  sake  of  making  a  few  posts,  and  Mr.  Koser's  well-mcr.nt  ef- 
forts to  preserve  the  identitv  of  the  grave  have  thus  in  a  meas- 
ure been  thwarted.  The  stumps  remain  as  frail  indices  bv  which 
the  exact  location  of  the  grave  may  still  be  accurately  determined. 
Such  is  the  present  state  of  the  case  as  ascertained  last  Wed- 
nesday (April  II,  1883),  on  a  visit  to  the  spot  by  Gen.  David 
Detrich,  Col.  B.  F.  Winger  and  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort." 

The  foregoing  is  an  extract  from  an  article  that  ap- 
peared in  the  Grcencastle  Prc^s. 

1  am  glad  to  be  able  to  rei)ort  that  as  a  result  of  the  visit 
just  mentioned,  steps  having  been  taken  by  public  spirited 
citizens  of  Grcencastle  to  ha|'    "'  "'"  "" 


I 


:e  the  grave  of  Brown  and 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


6l 


his  martyred  scholars  duly  marked  by  a  permanent  monu- 
ment at  an  early  day.  ,        ,      ,     • 

Atrocities  like  tnese  helped  to  arouse  the  slumbermg 
provinces  to  the  necessity  of  bold  and  energetic  measures. 

CAMPAKJN    OF    1764. 

On  the  5th  of  August  th-  two  Pennsylvania  battallions 
under  Lieut.  Colonels  Francis  and  Clayton  were  assembled 
at  Carlisle.     Gov.  Penn  had  come  up  from   Philadelphia 
with  Col.  Boucpiet  and  addressed  the  troops.     He  spoke 
of  the  necessity  of  chastising  the  Indians   "  for  their  re- 
ijeated  and  unprovoked  barbarities  on  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Province,  a  just  resentment  of  which  added  to   a  re- 
membrance of  the  loyalty  and  courage  of  our  provincial 
troops  on  former  occasions  he  did  not  doubt,  would  am- 
mate  them  to  do  honour  to  their  country,  and  that  they 
could  not  but  hope  to  be  crowned  with  success  as  they 
were  to  be  united  with  the  same  regular  troops  and  under 
the  same  able  commander  who  had  by  themselves  on  that 
verv  day,  the  memorable  5th  of  August,  in  the  preceedmg 
year,  sustained  the  repeated  attacks  of  the  savages  and 
obtained  a  complete  victory  over  them." 

Gov  Penn  also  reminded  them  of  the  exemplary  pun- 
ishments that  would  be  inflicted  on  the  grevious  crime  of 
desertion,  if  any  of  them  were  capable  of  so  far  forgetting 
their  solemn  oath  and  duty  to  their  king  and  country  as  to 
be  involved  in  ij.  Col.  Bou(iuetthen  took  coirmand  of  the 
troops,  regular  and  provincial.  After  four  days  of  neces- 
sary preparation  for  the  long  march,  the  army  set    ut. 

Col.  Boucpiet  gave  very  strict  "orders  to  officois  and 
men  to  observe  strict  discipline  and  not  to  commit  the 
least  violation  of  the  civil  rights  or  peace  of  the  mhi.>)i- 

tants."  .  1    r     .u    ■ 

His  care  and  conduct  in  this  respect  stand  torth  in 
happy  contrast  with  that  of  many  militia  or  emergency 
m^-n  who  came  up  the  valley  to  defend  the  borders  from 
ir.vasion  a  hundred  years  later,  but  who  in  the  end  were 
more  harmful  and  more  dreaded  by  the  loyal  people  of 
the  borders  than  the  disciplined  host  of  Southern  invaders 
under  Lee. 


ii 


1 1 


'^1 


62 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 
DESERTIONS   OF    PROVINCIAL    TROOPS. 


In  spite  of  all  precautions,  no  less  than  200  desertions 
took  place    by  August  13,    when  the   army  reached  Fort 

Londoun.  ^,,  ,  .  , 

Bouquet  asked  permission  to  fill  up  the  contingent, 
which  was  granted  by  resolution  of  tht  governor  and  com- 
missioners August  16.  He  then  ai.plied  to  Colonei  Lewis 
for ''oo  Virginia  volunteers,  to  take  the  place  of  the  de- 
serters With  the  co-operation  of  Governor  traupner  the 
men  were  soon  raised  and  joined  liouquet  at  Fort  Pitt  in 
the  latter  part  of  September. 

These  Virginia  volunteer  riflemen  were  among  his  best 
troops,  but  in  the  end,  Virginia  ungratefully  left  Col. 
Bouquet  in  the  lurch  as  regards  their  payment. 

At  Fort  Loudoun,  Bouquet  received  a  very  presunq^tu- 
ous  and  characteristic  letter  from  Col.  Bradstreet,  telling 
him  that  he  need  not  proceed  any  farther,  inas  auch  as 
peace  had  been  concluded  with  the  Delawares  and  Shaw- 
anese  At  that  very  time  these  same  tribes  were  scalping 
settlers  in  all  directions.  Bradstreet  was  ambitious  to 
gain  all  the  glory  of  the  (  ampaign.  Instead  of  minding 
his  own  business  and  compelling  the  Lako  Indians  to 
bring  in  their  captives  and  give  proper  guarantees  of  sub- 
mission, he  turned  aside  in  his  course  to  attend  to  the 
business  assigned  to  Boucjuet,  who  was  his  superior  officer. 
As  the  whole  scheme  was  a  ruse  on  the  part  of  the  Ohio 
Indians  to  gain  time  and  p>revent  Bouqur-l's  advance,  he 
and  General  Gage  were  both  indignant  at  liradstreet  and 
repudiated  his  officious  intermeddling. 

VVithout  delaying  an  hour,  Boucpiet  pushed  forward. 
September  5,  he  had  reached  Fort  Bedford,  where  more 
Pennsylvanians  deserted,  taking  along  their  arms  and 
horses.  A  large  reinforcement  of  friendly  Indians,  prom- 
ised to  be  sent^'fro-n  the  Six  Nations  by  Sir.  Wm.  Johnson, 
never  arrived.  At  Ligonier  he  received  from  Gen.  Gage 
the  heai.y  endorsement  of  his  own  c(mduct,  and  the  re- 
pudiation of  Bradstreet 's  unwarranted  and  premature  ne- 
gotiations with  irresponsible  representatives  of  the  Ohio 
Indians. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


63 


ARRIVAL    AT    FORT    PITT. 

He  passed  safely  over  the  historic  field  of  i^iishy  Run  to 
Fort  Pitt  where  he  was   rejoiced  to  receive  the  Virginia. 
reinforcement.     Ten  Indians  came  to  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  river,  proposing  a  conference,     l-inding  that  they 
were  evidentlv  spies,  endeavoring  to  gain  important  infor- 
mation, he  detained  two  of  the      as  hostages,  and  sent 
another  one  with  two  messengers  ..  Bradstreet  ^-d  a  state- 
ment to   the  Ohio  Indians  that  if  any  harm  WaS  done   to 
these  two  men,  the  Indian  hostages  in  his  hands  should  be 
nut  to  death  at  once  and  dire  vengeance  executed  against 
their  entire  nation.     Several  Iroquois   Indians  came  into 
the  fort    pretending   great   friendship,   and  assuring  him 
that   the    Ohio    Indians    would    speedily    return    all    the 
uhitc  caDtives.      They   spoke  of  the  difficulty  of  pcne- 
trating  the  hilly  forests  and  the  great  numbers  of  the  In- 
dians who  would  oppose  the  army,  but  who  would  soon  ful- 
fil all  his  stipulations  if  he  only  remained  viuietly  at  I^ort 
Pitt      The  whole  object  of   ^nese  crafty  e-voys  was  evi- 
dently to  delay  the  campaign  until  bad  weather  and  late- 
ness of  the  season  made  it  impossible. 

'p^uquet  saw  through  tht=r  designs  and  sent  them  to 
tell'the  Oelawares  and  Shawanese,  .V'c,  that  he  was  on  his 
way  to  puni'^h  their  cruel  and  perfidious  conduct  unless 
they  made  prompt  and  complete   submission  to  his  terms. 

THE    MARCH    INTO    OHIO. 

Early  in  October  th  -  army  left  Fort  Pitt  to  cut  a  road 
•i-ectly  through  the  unexplored  wilderne  ;s  of  Ohio.  1  he 
Colonel  assured  the  troops  of  his  confidence  in  their  bra- 
very and  told  them  that  "he  did  not  doubt  but  that  th.: 
war  would  soon  be  ended,  under  (lod,  to  their  own  honor 
and  the  future  safety  of  their  countrv,  provided  the  men 
were  strictly  ot)edient  to  orders  and  guarded  against  the 
surprises  and  sudden  nUacks  of  a  treacherous  enemy,  who 
never  dared  to  face  iiritish  t-oops  in  an  open  fiela 

Large  droves  of  sheep  and  cattle  were  taken  along  tor 
subsistence,  besides  great  droves  of  packhorses  loaded  with 
fiour  and  other  provisions.    The  Virginia  woodsmen  acted 


i 


in 


I  i 


64 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


as  scouts  and  flankers  in  front  and  on  the  sides,  whilst  the 
pioneers  cleared  the  road  through  the  dense  forest      The 
army,  with  flocks  and  herds  and  camp  equipage,  followed 
the  pioneers  at  the  rate  of  seven  or  eight  miles  a  day,  mov- 
ing constantly  in  a  series  of  concentric  hollow  squares, 
with  flocks,  herds,  baggage,  packhorses,  &c.,  in  the  centre. 
Thus  in  line  of  battle   and   guarding  carefully  against 
ambush  and  surprise,  they  moved  steadily  forward.    Skulk- 
ing Indians  were  watching  every  movement,  but  no  direct 
attempt   was  made  to  interfere   with  the  progress  of    the 
troops.       The     strictest    discipline    was    enforced.      Be- 
fore leaving  Fort  Pitt  two  soldiers  had  been  shot  for  de- 
sertion, and  all  superfluous  women  ordered  back  to  the 
settlements.     One  woman  was  allowed  to  each  corps,  and 
two  nurses  for  the  general  hospital.     These  were  needed 
to  look  after  the  children  and  female  captives,  whose  re- 
covery was  one  chief  object  of  the  expedition.     In   ten 
days  the  army  reached  the  Muskingum,  and  was  now  in 
the    heart  of   the   Indian  country.     Near  the  fording  of 
that  river,  they  saw  the  wigwams  of  100  families  of  Tus- 
rarora  Indians  who  had  fled   in  terror   at  their  approach. 
The  two  soldiers  sent  to  liradstreet,  now  appeared,  having 
been  detained  by  the  Delawares  on  trifling  pretexts  until 
they  saw  the  invasion  was  an  overwhelming  success.  They 
brought  word  that  the  chiefs   would  come  in   a  few    days 
to  hold  a  conference. 

COUNCIL    ON    THE    MUSKINGUM — CAPTIVES  RESTORED. 

Bouquet  marched  along  the  Muskingum  until  he  found 
ample  forage  in  the  broad  meadows  for  his  cattle,  sheep 
and  packhorses  ;  he  erected  a  palisaded  depot  for  pro- 
visions and  baggage.  Soon  a  number  of  chiefs  appeared, 
stating  that  great  numbers  of  warriors  were  eight  miles 
distant,  and  that  a  place  and  time  should  be  appointed 
for  council.  He  designated  a  spot  near  the  river  bank 
where  he  would  meet  them  next  day.  A  jiarty  of  woods- 
men soon  prepared  a  rustic  arbor,  where  English  officers 
and  Indian  chiefs  might  meet  under  shelter.  Every  pre- 
caution was  used  to  prevent  a  surprise  or  attack.     Guards 


li  %■ 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


65 


were  doubled  and  no  straggling  allowed.  The  soldiers 
were  drawn  up  so  as  to  make  the  most  stunnmg  mipres- 
sion  upon  the  mhids  of  the  savages.  And  truly  it  was  a 
wonderful  sight  to  see  such  a  vast  body  of  troops  tully 
equipped  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  with  flocks  and 
herds,  and  other  resources  needed  for  a  protracted  cam- 
paign' The  scene  was  as  picturescpie  as  it  was  astounding 
m  its  disi)lay  of  miltary  prowess.  ,  •  .    1  •, 

The  Hi^diland  grenadiers  were  there  '"ith  their  plaids,  kilts 
and  tartans,  whom  the  Indians  styled,  "  petticoat  warriors" 
on  account  of  their  queer  dress.  The  Royal  .\mericans 
were  on  hand  with  their  bright  red  British  uniforms,  the 
duller  garb  and  duller  trappings  of  Pennsylvania  troops 
and  the  fringed  hunting  frocks  of  the  Virginia  backwoods 
riflemen  made  such  a  combination  of  military  pomp  and 
power  as  has  been   rarely  seen   in  any  land.      ^ 

The  chiefs  came  at  the  aj^pointed  hour — Kiashuta,  or 
Guyashuta,  the  chief  of  a  band  of  Senecas,  Custalogachict 
of  the  Delawrres,  Keisnauchtha,  chief  of  the  Shawanese, 
each  with  a  band  of  warriors,  were  the  leaders  along  with 
Turde  Heart,  Beaver,  iS:c.,  they  tried  to  frame  excuses 
tor  their  teacherous  conduct,  blaming  it  on  the  rashness  of 
their  young  men  and  the  western  tribes  led  in  person  by 
Pontiac,  they  begged  for  peace  and  promised  to  return  to 
him  all  white  prisoners  in  their  hands. 

Boiupiet  thoroughly  understood  the  Indian  character, 
and  knew   what  demeanor   and   tactics  suited   the   occa- 
sion     He  told  them  to  return  next  day  to  receive  his  an- 
swer     Inclement  weather  prevented  their  proposed  meet- 
ing until  the  twentieth.      Instead  of  calling  them  brothers 
he   began  :     "  Sachems,  War  chiefs  and  Warriors.'       He 
then  addressed  them  with  great  spirit,  and  in  severe  and 
impassioned  language.     He  pointed  out  the  absurdity  of 
their  trifling   excuses,  and    reminded    them  of  their  un- 
l)aralleled  treachery  and  cruelty  in  plundering  traders  and 
settlers,  capturing    children    and   in   assulting  the    kings 
troops  in   the   woods  at    Bushy  Run.  last   summer.       He 
denounced    their  continued  murderous  forays   upon  the 
border  settlements,  and  condemned  their  repeated  failures 
to  bring  back  the  white  prisoners  in  their  hands.      He  will 


r 

T 

1 

C,6  WZ-.  Hk:^RY  BOUQUET 

not  be  deceived  longer  by  their  false  promises.  "If,"' 
said  he  "  it  were  possible  that  you  -ould  convince  us  that 
you  sincerely  repent  of  your  past  perfidy,  and  that  we 
could  depend  on  your  good  behavior  for  the  future,  you 
micht  yet  hope  for  mercy  and  peace.  If  I  find  thac  you 
faithfully  execute  the  following  prebmmary  conditions, 
I  will  not  treat  you  with  the  severity  you  deserve.  I  give 
you  twelve  days  from  this  date  to  deliver  into  my  hands 
at  Waukatamake,  all  prisoners  in  your  ])osscssion  ^vlthout 
any  excei)tion,  Englishmen,  l<renchmen,  women,  children, 
whether  adopted  in  your  tribes,  married  or  living  amongst 
you  under  any  denomination  and  pretence  whatsoever, 
tocrether  with  all  negroes.  And  you  are  to  furnish  the 
safd  prisoners  with  clothing,  provisions  and  horses  to  carry 
them  to  Fort  Pitt.  When  you  have  fully  complied  with 
these  conditions,  you  shall  then  know  on  what  terms  you 
may  obtain  the  peace  you  sue  for." 

Bouquet  was  as  wise  and  sagacious  as  he  was  brave  and 
generous  The  manner  as  well  as  the  sentiments  ot  his 
address  made  a  deep  and  lasting  impression  upon  the  sup- 
plicating savages.     Their  haughty   spirit  was  completely 

huml)led.  •  i     u    i 

Thev  abjectly  promised  to  comply  fully  with  all  the  con- 
ditions   The  Delawares  had  already  delivered  up  eighteen 
prisoners.     They   handed  over  eighty-three  small    sticks 
indicating  the    remaining   number  of    prisoners  m    their 
hands,  whom  they  promised   to    bring  in  as  soon  as  i)ossi- 
ble.     The  Shawanesc   failed   to   res|)ond   pr()i)erly  to   the 
Colonel's  wishes,  either  by  appearing  at  the  council  with 
their   kings  or  by  bringing  in  the  captives  in  their  hands. 
A  sharp  mes.sage  was  sent  to  them   not  to   tiifle  with  the 
patience  of  the  commander.     The   army  marched   some 
thirty  odd  miles  further  to  the  Forks  (U"  the  Muskingum, 
where  it  was  agreed  to   await  the  prisoners  instead  of  at 
Waukatamake.     The  principal  chiefs  of  each  tribe  he  kept 
in  his  possession  as  hostages  to  secure  the   fulfillment  of 
pledges,     (ireat  care  had  to  be  taken  to  prevent  a  general 
stampede  of  the  tribes  and  the  murder  of  all  t!ie  prisoners 
in  their  hands  as  well  as  to  secure  a  lull  rompliance  with 
the  conditions  of  restoration.      Rou(]uet's  management  in- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


67 


spired  them  with  confidence  and  respect,  while  at  the  same 
time  it  filled  them  with  terror  and  brought  them  into  com- 
plete submission  to  his  commands.     Runners  were   sent 
out  in  all  directions,  and   soon   several  hundred  captives 
were  brought  into  camp.       Among  these  were  ninety  \  Ir- 
anians  of  whom  thirty-two  were  adult  males  and  the  rest 
were    women    and   children  ;    one    hundred   and    sixteen 
Pennsylvanians,  forty-nine  men   and  sixty-seven    women 
and    children    were    also    returned.      Many  of    the    vol- 
unteers had  wives,  children  and  relatives  among  the  cap- 
tives and  the  scenes  that  took  place  at  the  recovery  and 
recognition  of  the    long  lost    loved    ones  were  touching 
in  the  extreme.     With  great   sorrow  and   reluctance    the 
Indians  parted  with  these  adopted  members  of  their  house- 
holds.    For,  be  it  remembered,  that  when  once  an  Indian 
bad  adopted  a  captive,  the  captive  was  henceforth  treated 
as  a  member  of  the  family  and   not  as  a  slave.     The  cap- 
tive women  were,  as  a  rule,  absolutely  free  from  insult  and 
were  not   even  obliged   to  marry  against  their  will.     The 
reverse  of  this  is  the  case  among  many  of  the  Western  and 
South-western   tribes  of  Indians  at  the  present  day,  who 
treat  their  captives  as  slaves  and  always  outrage  the  women. 
Many  of  the  Shawanese  warriors   were  absent  on  hunting 
expeditions,  so  that  nearly  a  hundred   captives  could  not 
be  reached.     Hostages  were  given  for  the  safe  delivery  of 
these  at  Fort  Pitt.     Houquet  maintained  a  stern  and  indig- 
nant demeanor  until  all  conditions  were  fulfilled  as  far  as 
possible,  knowing   that  any  other  deportment   under  cir- 
rumstances  would  be  mistaken  for  timidity  and  indecision, 
kindness  can  only  be  appreciated    by  a    savage   when    he 
knows  you  have   ability  to   overwhelm   him  if  refractory. 
Having  fully  convinced  them  of  his  prowess  and  displeasure 
at  everything  like  duplicity,  Boucpiet  convened  the  chiefs 
in  the  rustic  council  house  again  and   intimated  his  satis- 
faction with  their  conduct  and  his  desire  to  arrange  for  a 

lasting  peace. 

(Uiyasutha,  the  celebrated  Seneca  chiel,  who  had  been 
the  leading  spirit  of  the  eastern  wing  of  Tontiac's  con- 
spiracy, and  had  led  the  forces  around  Fort  Pitt  and  at 
Bushy  Run,  made  the  opening  speech  in  the  metaphorical 


m 
m 


68 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


and  eloquent  language  so  characteristic  of  Indian  orators. 
"  Brother,"  said  he,  addressing  Col.  Bouquet,  *'  with  this 
string  of  wampum  I  dispel  the  thick  cloud  that  has  hung 
so  long  over  our  heads,  that  the  sunshine  of  peace  may 
once  more  descend  to  warm  and  gladden.  I  wipe  the  tears 
from  your  eyes  and  condole  with  you  on  the  loss  of  your 
brethren  who  have  perished  in  this  \\ax.  I  gather  their 
bones  together  and  cover  them  deep  in  the  earth,  that  the 
sight  of  them  may  no  longer  bring  sorrow  to  your  hearts, 
and  I  scatter  dry  leaves  over  the  spot,  that  it  may  depart 
forever  from  memory.  The  path  of  peace,  which  once 
ran  between  your  dwellings  and  mine,  has  of  late  been 
choked  with  thorns  and  briars,  so  that  no  one  could  pass 
that  way,  and  we  have  both  forgotten  that  such  a  path 
had  ever  been.  I  now  clear  away  all  such  obstructions 
and  make  a  broad,  smooth  road,  so  that  you  and  I  may 
freely  visit  each  other  as  our  fathers  used  to  do.  I  kindle 
a  great  council  fire  whose  smoke  shall  rise  to  heaven  in 
view  of  all  the  nations  while  you  and  I  sit  together  and 
smoke  the  peace  pipe  at  its  blaze." 

The  orators  of  each  tribe  spoke  in  similar  strain  promis- 
ing to  lay  down  their  arms  and  live  hereafter  in  peace  with 
the  English.  Bouquet  replied  to  each  and  all  as  follows  : 
"  By  your  full  compliance  with  the  conditions  which  1  im- 
posed you  have  satisfied  me  of  your  sincerity  and  I  now 
receive  you  as  brethren.  The  King,  my  master,  hr-s  com- 
misioned  me,  not  to  make  treaties  but  to  fight  his  battles  ; 
and  though  I  now  offer  you  peace  it  is  not  in  my  ])Ower 
to  settle  its  precise  terms  and  conditions.  For  this  I  refer 
you  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  his  Majesty's  agent  and 
sui)erintendent  for  Indian  aff  lirs,  who  will  settle  with  you 
the  articles  of  ))eacc  and  determine  everything  in  rela- 
tion to  trade.  Two  things,  however,  I  shall  insist  .n. 
And  first  you  are  to  give  hostages  as  security  that  v-ai 
will  preserve  good  faith  and  send  without  delay  a  deia  - 
tion  of  your  chiefs  to  Sir  William  Johnson.  In  the  next 
place  these  chiefs  are  to  be  fully  empowered  to  treat  in 
behalf  of  your  nation  ;  and  you  will  bind  yourselves  to 
adhere  strictly  to  everything  they  shall  agree  upon  in  your 
behalf." 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


69 


Thej-e  conditions  were  readily  complied  with,  and  chiefs 
duly  designated  for  the  mission  to  Sir  William. 

And  now  having  gained  all  his  points,  Boiupiet  to  the 
areat  joy  and  relief  of  the  Indians  extended  for  the  first 
Time  the  hand  of  friendship,  which  hitherto  he  had  reso- 
lutely refused  to  do. 

Nettowhatways,  the  chief  of  the  Turtle  tribe,  having 
failed  to  co-operate  properly  in  the  peace  measures,  Col. 
lioucpiet  deposed  him  and  directed  his  tribe  to  elect  an- 
other chief  and  present  him  as  their  proper  representa- 
tive  which  was  done  a  few  days  later. 

Nov.  12,  Red  Hawk,  Nimwha,  Lavissimo,  Bennevissico, 
and  other  leading  Shawnese  chiefs  made  their  submission, 
ked  Hawk  instead  of  i)roposing  in  usual  Indian  style  to 
bury  the  hatchet  (which  might  in  that  case  be  dug  up 
again)  said  that  they  as  younger  brothers  would  take  it  out 
of  the  hands  of  their  older  while  brothers  and  "  throw  it 
up  to  God  "  that  they  might  never  see  it  again. 

He  then  produced  ( opies  of  treaties  made  in  1701  as 
an  evidence  of  the  friendly  relations  of  their  ancestors. 
ke  promised  that  the  remainder  of  the  prisoners  would 
be  brought  into  Fort  Pitt  in  the  spring  which  pledge  was 
kept  Many  of  the  cai)tives  had  become  so  fond  of  In- 
dian life  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  they  could  be  in- 
duced to  return  to  Christian  homes.  McCullough,  one  of 
the  captives  in  his  narrative  says  that  Rhoda  Boyd  and 
Elizabeth  Studibaker  escaped  from  the  whites  and  went 
back  to  the  Indians.  Mary  Jemison,  who  had  married 
among  them,  Hed  with  her  halt-breed  children  and  hid 
until  the  troops  left  the  country. 

This  would  indicate  that  after  their  adoption  captives 
was  as  a  rule  treated  kindly  and  as  members  of  their  own 
families  by  their  Indian  captors. 

One  of  the  Virginia  volunteers  had  lost  his  wife  and  a 
child  two  years  old  in  an  Indian  foray  into  the  settlement 
six  months  before.  What  transports  filled  their  hearts 
when  he  met  her  with  a  babe  three  months  ol  at  her 
breast  !  Quickly  he  took  her  to  his  tent,  and  1  .nished 
suitable  clothing  for  her  and  her  babe.  But  what  had 
become  of  the'  two-year-old  darling    captured    with   its 


70 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


% 


I 


mother  ?     She  could  not  tell,  except  that  it  had  been  sep- 
arated from  her  and  taken  elsewhere  after  their  captivity, 
A  few  days  later  a  child  was  brought,  in   which    was  sup- 
posed to  be   the   one   in   question.     The  mother  was  sent 
for,  and  at  first  was  not  certain  that   it  was  her  child,  but 
after  carefully  scrutinizing  it   she  recognized  its  features, 
and  was  so  overcome  with  joy  that  she  dropped  her  young 
babe  and,  catching  up  the  newly  found  child,  she  clasped 
It  to  her  heart,  and  with  a  flood   of    tears  carried   it  off. 
The  father,  picking  up  the  child  that  she  nad  let  fall,  fol- 
lowed his  overjoyed  wife  md  thus  again  the  family  circle 
was  unbroken.     The  rough  soldiers,   and   even   the  stolid 
savages  were  moved  to  feelings  of  symi)athetic  tenderness 
by  such  touches  of  human  nature,  which  make  the  whole 
world  of  mankind  akin. 

November  rS,  the  army  set   out  for  Fort  Pitt,  followed 
by  many  affectionate  Indians,  who  sought  to  help  the  cap- 
tives along  in   their  homeward  journey.     In  ten  days  the 
tort   was   reached  just    in  time  to  escape    severe  winter 
weather.     The  regular    troops  (  Highlanders  and   Royal 
Americans  ),  were  placed  at  the  different  forts  and  jiosts 
on  the  line  of  communication,   while   the   volunteers  re- 
turned with  the  captives  to  the  provinces.  Those  captives 
whose  friends  had  not  been  able  to  go  with  the  army, were 
taken  to  Carlisle,  where  many  persons   who   had  lost  chil- 
dren  by  the  Indians,  flocked  to  discover,  if  possible,  their 
captured  kindred.     One  (lerman  woman,  from  East  Penn- 
sylvania, came  in   search   of  a  daughter,   who   had  been 
earned  off  nine  years  before.     She   identified  one  of  the 
young  female  captives  as  her   long  lost  child,  but  could 
gain  no  token  of  recognition  in  response  to  her  loving  en- 
treaties.    The  old  lady  lamented   that    the  child  that  she 
had  often  sung  to  sleep  on  her  knee  had   forgotten   her  in 
her  old  age.      Boucpiet,  like  a  man  of  sense  and  humane 
instincts   told   the   woman   to  sing    one  of  the  songs   or 
hymns  that  she  used  to  sing   to   her  when  a  child      Mrs 
Harmian,  the  mother,  obeyed  as  best   she  could,  singing 
part  of  a  very  appropriate  German  hymn,  of  which  I  will 
give  several   verses,  together  with  a  translation  by  Rev 
Samuel  R.  Fisher,  D.  D.,  deceased 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


71 


Alleiii  und  doch  nicht  gantz  alleine 

Hin  ich  in  mciner  einsamkcit, 
Dann  wann  ich  gantz  vorlasscn  schcinc, 

Vcrtrcibt  mir  Jesus  selbst  die  zeit. 
Ich  bin  bey  Ihm,  und  Kr  bey  mir, 
So  konunt  nun  gar  nich  einsam  fiir. 

Alone  and  yet  not  all  alone 

Am  I,  in  solitude  though  drear, 
For  when  no  one  seems  me  to  o\\  n 

My  Jesus  will  himself  be  near. 
I  am  with  Him  and  lie  with  me, 
I,  therefore,  cannot  lonely  be. 

Komm  ich  zur  welt ;  man  redt  von  sachen. 
So  nur  auf  eitlekcit  gcricht ; 

Da  nmss  sich  lassen  das  verlachen, 
Der  etwas  von  den  liimmel  spricht. 

Drum  wunsh  ich  lieber  gantz  allein, 

Als  bey  der  welt  ohn  Gott  zu  seyn. 
Seek  I  the  world  ?     Of  things  they  speak, 

Which  are  on  vanity  intent ; 
Here  he  is  scorned  and  spurned  as  weak 

Whose  mind  on  heavenly  things  is  bent. 
I  rather  would  my  lone  way  plod. 
Than  share  the  world  without  my  Ciod. 

W-rkehrte  konnen  leicht  verkehren, 
Wer  greifet  pech  ohn  kleben  an  ? 

Wie  solt  ich  dann  dahin  begehren. 
Wo  man  Gott  bald  vergessen  kann  ? 

(icsellschaft,  die  verdachtig  shcint, 

Wird  ofters  nach  dcin  fiiU  beweint. 
With  ease  do  perverts  perverts  make  ; 

Who  handles  pitch  his  hands  will  soil ; 
Why  then  should  I  with  those  partake, 

Who  of  H.s  honor  God  despoil? 
Society  which  we  suspect, 

W^e  often  afterwards  reject. 

******** 

Wer  woltc  dann  nun  recht  erkennen, 
Das  ich  stets  in  gescllschaft  bin? 

Und  will  die  welt  mich  einsam  nennen, 
So  thun  sie  es  nur  immerhin. 

G'nug,  dass  bey  mir,  wann  ich  allein, 

Gott  und  viel  tausend  engel  seyn. 


il! 


^*  COL.  jIFiYRY  BOUQUET 

i,  j  Who  will  not  then  with  candor  own, 

'.  I  have  companions  all  I  crave  > 

And  will  the  world  still  deem  u.c'lone? 

1  hen  let  It  thus  forever  rave 
Knoi.gh  !     I've  (;od  and  angel's'  host, 
NVhose  number  can  its  thousands  boast 

her'e:^:::j:['::;:^l'-r^---n /childhood,  fell  upon 

Scenes    like    this    threw  i    InU  ,,<    .  \-  ■ 
around  the  exnerfltin     ,^f  r  of   religious   romance 

has  drawn  out   he     o  V  of  '^.""'l"^'„  '<«*'■  )<»''<^n  \Veiser 

captive,  with  cors:d'^;Lr':«d"ff,^«"r;,''"-''""'"" 

tion.     He  draws  rnnr,,i  w  ■        •         ,'1'°"  ''"-'  ""agma- 
the  rreat  IndTa,  ^uerp'e.er'had  T  "!'  f ""'•■'•  '■""''"t"' 

ligioiis  process.  '^egina  pass  through  a  certain  re- 

wit^hoiu\lo"oih™'!.':;d  h'un7"H  'T''^-   '°  '"^   borders 
back   from   h:att;n  t'da^  1^  °  Snlf  :?- ^"'°"'" 

The   people  and-^authoWtes^^v'  "T^  in  Philadelphia 
other  in  J.xpresJin^  he^r  h,Vh  ''\"y'^<^'t  ^.ed  with  e.ich 

a"d  gratefu?  "cTg^nidoTof't'ser"  ce?  '°^h""f  ^""f  ^'"' 
relatives  esueciillv  nf  r«^^        ^ervices.      1  he  friend.s  and 

affectio„ate'^a"'d'ttm'^.Xi^l;^:)^''^-  ""^  ""^'^  -'" 

PUBLIC    THANKS    TO    BOUQUET 

firs&yido[,Sd  tcotr'l"!  "'  ^--3'>™"ia  at  its 

address.  hfartily\tnking  if,' ^?'h°'7i'X™™'-''™^"'--'^y 
province,  by  his  victory  at^i  hv  R,m  Xlf  TT  \°  "'^' 
cent  campaign  against^.he  OhiJ  fnd?ant"fii^i„'f  ,tl,ici:  ^t 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


73 


hatl  laid  the  fomuUition  of  lasting  peace  and  rescued  hun- 
dreds of  (Christian  brethern  from  savage  captivity  ;  and, 
finally,  they  thanked  him  for  his  "  constant  attention  to 
the  civil  rights  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  this  province." 

In  like  manner  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  the  Colony 
and  Dominion  of  Virginia,  thanked  Bouquet  for  his  inval- 
uable services  in  subduing  the  Indians,  and  recovering  so 
many  of  their  people  from  captivity. 

They  further  requested  the  Ciovernorto  recommend  Bou- 
(juet  to  the  ministers  of  King  George,  as  an  officer  of  dis- 
tinguished merit,  in  this  and  every  former  service  in 
which  he  had  been  engaged.  The  gallant  and  chivalric 
Colonel  replied  in  grateful  acknowledgment  and  gener- 
ously awarded  much  of  the  credit  of  the  success  of  his  re- 
cent campaign  to  the  efficiency  of  the  provincial  troops, 
and  especially  commended  Col.  Lewis  for  his  zeal  and 
good  conduct  during  the  campaign.  Col.  Reir'  who  was 
second  in  command,  also  received  honorabi.  mention 
from  him  as  well  as  all  officers,  regular  and  provincial,  who 
served  in  the  expedition. 

INJUSTICE    AND    INGRATITUDE  OF    VIRGINIA. 

But  every  sweet  has  its  bitter,  and  the  oft-told  tale  of  in- 
gratitude and  injustice  to  benefactors  must,  alas,  be  re- 
peated. Virginia  was  lavish  in  her  praises,  as  well  she 
might  be,  for  she  had  profited  greatly  by  the  campaign  ; 
but  when  it  came  to  foot  the  bill  of  expenses  for  her 
small  body  of  si)lendid  troops  during  the  campaign,  she 
repudiated  the  obligation  !  "  Tell  it  not  in  Gath,  publish 
it  not  in  the  streets  of  Askelon  !"  Pontiac,  the  heathen 
savage,  put  such  conduct  to  shame  by  scrupulously  re- 
deeming every  i)iece  of  birch  bark  currency  issued  in  his 
name  for  sujiplies  during  the  siege  of  Detroit. 

At  length,  after  great  personal  annoyance  and  embar- 
rassment. Bouquet  induced  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly  to 
pay  the  \'irginia  troops  for  services  and  expenses  incurred 
during  the  campaign  of  1764. 

By  so  doing  Pennsylvania  in  some  degree  atoned  for  a 
multitude  of  past  sins  of  neglect   and   indifference.     But 

D 


ill 


T  :mm] 


1! 


Ill 


k 


III 


If 


74 


COL.  HF.NR Y  BOUQUET 


Bouquet  was  stung  to  the  t|ui(k  hy  the  conduct  of  the 
Virginians,  and  btgs  Gen.  Gage  to  relieve  him  from  his 
present  command  in  order  that  he  mip;ht  make  a  trip  to 
Europe.  His  request  was  granted.  He  wrote  to  (iage 
March  4,  1765,  "  tlie  disgust  I  have  conceived  from  the 
ill-nature  and  ingratitude  of  those  individuals  (the  Vir- 
ginia ofiicials)  makes  me  accepi  with  great  satisfaction  your 
offer  to  discharge  me  of  this  department,  in  which  I  never 
desire  to  serve  again,  nor,  indeed,  to  he  commanding  ofli- 
cer  in  any  other,  since  the  new  regulations  you  were 
pleased  to  communicate  to  me  ;  being  sensible  of  my  in- 
ability to  carry  on  the  service  upon  the  terms  i)resrribed." 

This  had  reference  to  some  rigid  prescriptions  whicli  he 
supposed  fully  closed  the  door  against  the  promotion  of 
foreign  born  officers. 

He  seems  to  have  intended  to  return  and  settle  in  the 
provinces,  or  remove  obstacles  in  the  line  of  promotion, 
for  the  day  before  writing  the  above  letter  to  Gage,  i.  e., 
March  3,  1765,  he  was  naturalized  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  accordance  with  a  late  act  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

bouquet's  promotion. 

And  now  to  his  great  surprise  and  the  gratification  of  all 
-^ood  men,  Boucjuet  receives  tidings  that  the  King  had 
promoted  him  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general. 

April  15,  1765,  he  wrote  his  grateful  acknowledgment  of 
the  unexpected  honor,  which  ali.o  gave  assurance  of  prefer- 
ment to  other  deserving  foreign-born  officers,  who  were 
among  the  most  devoted  subjects  of  the  King.  Letters  of 
congratulation  came  pouring  in,  especially  from  officers 
who  had  served  under  him. 

Capt.  George  Etherigton,  of  the  first  battallion  of  Royal 
Americans,  who  so  narrowly  escaped  massacre  at  Michill- 
mackinac  in  May,  1763,  wrote  Bou(iuet  as  follows  from 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  April  19,  1765:  "Sir,  though  I  almost 
despair  of  this  reaching  you  before  you  sail  to  Europe, 
yet  I  cannot  deny  myself  the  pleasure  of  giving  you  joy 
on  your  promotion,  and  can,  with  truth,  tell  you  that  it 
gives  great  joy  to  ail  the  geuliemen  of  tlie  battallion,  for 


m 


-S^-siri*^-^ 


-^*&&t^z 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


75 


two  reasons  :  first,  <.n  your  acc(-  .wl  ;  and  sccih  ly,  on  our 
own  as  by  UkU  means  we  may  hope  for  the  ,,leasure  ol 
continuing  under  your  connnand.  You  can  hardly  imagine 
how  this  place  rings  with  the  news  of  your  promotion,  for 
the  townspeople  and  German  farmers  stoj)  us  m  the  street 
to  ask  if  it  is  true  thM  th.  king  has  made  Col.  Houcuel  a 
ucneral  :  and  when  they  are  toh^  it  is  true,  they  Piarch  off 
with  great  joy  ;  so  you  see  the  old  i)roverb  wrong  for  once, 
V  I'ich  says  he  that  prospers  is  envied  ;  for  sure  1  am  that 
all  the  people  are  more  i.leased  with  the  news  of  your 
promotion  than  th-y  would  be  if  the  government  would 

trko  off  the  stamp  duty."  ,        .  ,  ,  •  ,     • 

l)r  Wm  Smith,  Provos*  of  the  University  and  historian 
of  his  campaigns,  spoke  the  common  sentiment  when  he 
said  Bouquet  had  become  "  as  dear  by  his  private  virtues 
to  those  who  have  the  honor  of  his  more  intimate  acquam- 
tince  as  he  is  by  his  military  service  to  the  public.  tor 
this  reason  "  it  is  hoped  he  may  long  continue  among  us, 
where  his  experienced  abilities  will  enable  him,  and  his 
love  of  tl-e  EnglisV;  constitution  entitle  him,  to  fill  any 
future  trust  to  which  his  Majesty  may  be  pleased  to  cidl 
1  '     " 

^Tt"  had  been  Bouquet's  hope  and  desire  to  visit  England 
and  to  return  again  to  the  scenes  of  his  eailier  career 
amon^  the  Lc  lands  of  Holland  and  the  mountains  of 
Switzerland,  but  the  king  assigned  him  to  the  command  of 
the  Southern  mihtary  department,  and  as  the  Indians  ha^ 
recently  become  troublesome  in  that  locality,  he  repaired 
to  his  new  field  of  action  without  unnecessary  delay. 

LEAVES    l-OR    PENSACOLA.       WILL    AND    DEATH. 

Before  leaving  Philadelphia  he  made  his  last  will  and 
testament,  which  1  copied  a  few  vecks  ago  at  the  office  of 
the  Register  of  Wills,  in  Philadelphia.  It  iS  m  his  own 
handwriting,  and  reads  thus:  "  In  the  name  of  God  Amen. 
I  Henry  Bouquet,  Brigadier  Gereral  of  his  Majesty  s 
firces,  serving  in  North  America,  have  thought  fit  to 
dispose  of  my  estate,  real  and  p-rsonal,  after  my  death, 
in  the  following  manner  :  I  give  and  bequeath  for  the  use 
of  the  Hospital  of  Pennsylvania,  forty  pounds  of  that  cu. 


*  ^ 


76 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


IS 


rency.  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my  friend,  Thos.  Wilhng, 
Esq.,  five  tracts  of  land  of  two  hundred  acres  each,  sur- 
veyed or  to  be  surveyed  for  me  in  Trough  Creek  Valley,  by 
virtue  of  the  warrants  granted  me  at  the  land  office,  and 
now  to  the  amount  of  Hiirteen,  including  one  to  be  given 
by  Geo.  Croghan,  Esq.,  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Robert  Cal- 
lendar,  living  near  Carlisle,  in  Cumberland  county  ;  amount- 
ing in  the  whole  to  two  thousand  eigl.c  hundered  acres,  for 
which  1  paid  only  the  warrant  money.  I  give  and  be- 
queath to  John  Schneider,  the  boy  who  is  bound  to  me, 
tne  sum  of  fifty  pounds  currency  to  be  paid  him  when  he 
is  of  age  by  Col.  Haldimand,  to  whom  I  recommend  my 
ether  sf  rvants.  All  my  just  debts  are  to  be  paid,  consist- 
ing ;  resent  in  one  thousand  pounds  sterling,  besides  in- 
teresvo  to  Mr.  G.  Heneman,  solicitor  of  the  Swiss  troops 
at  the  Hague  in  Holland— in  my  note  in  hand  to  account 
current  wi'th  Mr,  Adam  Hoops,  the  note  being  for  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  pounds  being  without  niter-st— in  a  bond 
upon  mortgage  to  Mr.  Roberts  for  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
pounds  currency  with  interest.  I  give  and  bequenth  to  my 
father,  if  then  living,  or  after  him,  to  Col.  Lewis  IJoaquet, 
and  to  his  heirs  all  the  effects  of  any  nature,  w^hatsoever, 
which  I  may  be  possessed  of  in  the  continent  of  Europe, 
without  exception.  I  constitute  and  appoint  my  friend, 
Col.  Frederick  Haldimand,  my  heir  and  executor,  and  to 
him  I  give  and  bequeath  all  and  everything  which  1  may 
die  possessed  of  in  North  America,  without  any  excep- 
tion whatever,  upon  the  condition  of  paying  my  just  debts 
and  above  legacies.  My  estate,  consisting  for  the  present 
in  the  farm  called  Lono;  Mcudoivs  cnlarf^ed,  situate  in  Fred- 
erick county,  in  the  Province  of  Maryland.  |  Bouquet  re- 
ceived the  grant  for  this  estate  Sept.  16.  1763.  It  con- 
tained, as  owned  by  him,  4,163  acres  of  very  valuable  land. 
Frederick  county,  Maryland,  at  that  time  included  Wash- 
ington county,  within  whose  present  limits  the  estate  was 
located  near  the  Pennsylvania  line.]     The  deeds  whereof 

are  now   in  the  possession  of  the  above  named, 

Roberts.  The  said  farm  to  be  sold  with  the  saw-mill,  tan 
yard,  houses,  tenement  and  appurtenances  on  the  same  for 
the  payment  of  my  debts  and  legacies — in  the  eighteen 


AND  HIS  CAMFAJGNS. 


77 


hundred  acres  of  land  above  mentioned,   to  be  surveyed 
for  me  in  this  Province  and  remaining  after  deductmg  the 
five  tracts  given  to  Mr.  Willing— in  my  share  of  the  She- 
pody  lands  if  then  in  my  possession— in  my  apparel,  bag- 
gage, furniture,  stores,  &c.,  in  my  pay  and  arrears  which 
may  be  due  me  at  my  death — in  my  share  of  the  Carolina 
Plantation   after   the  accounts    are   fully  settled   between 
Messrs.  Guinand  and  the  others  concerned,  all  of  which  I 
betiueath  to  Col.  Haldimand,  and  I  hereby  annul  and  de- 
clare void,  and  of  no  effect,  any  other  will  which  I  may  at 
any  time  have  made  previous  to  this  day,  cs  this  present  will 
and  testament  contains  my  last   and  leal   intentions  and 
disposition,  and  is  to  take  place  accordingly.     In  witness 
whereof,  I  have  wrote,  (written)  signed  with  my  own  hand 
and  affixed  my  seal  to  this  last  will  and  testament,  in  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  in  Pennsylvania,  this  twenty-fifth  day 
of  Time,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred and  sixty  five.  Henry  Bouquet. 

Signed,  sealed,  published  and  declared  by  the  testator 
as  his  last  will  and  testament  in  our  presence  who  sub- 
scribed the  same  as  witnesses  in  his  presence  and  at  his 
request.  ^>'  ;jamin   Chew, 

Jo.    lURNER, 

Thos.  Turner. 

The  will  was  probated  Nov.   i,    1765,   on  oath  of  the 
Turners,  the  other  witness,  Mr.  Chew,  being  the  register 
general.     S  jon  after  this  and  evidently  with  a  good  deal 
of  reluctance,  Gen.  Bouquet  set  out  for  his  new  station  at 
I'ensrcola,  where  he  arrived  Aug.  23,  1765,  in  the  deadliest 
season  of  the  year,  and  at  once  fell  a  victim  to  the  fever 
so  fatal  to  unacclimated  persons.     The  following  extract 
from  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine  for  Thursday  October 
24,  1765,  tells  the  sad  story  :  "On  Tuesday  last  arrived 
the  sloop   William,  Capt.  Rivers,  in  thirty-six  days   from 
I'ensacola,  by  wliom  we  learn  ten  sail  of  t^-ansports  with 
troops  (to   relieve   those  on   that   station   that   are   going 
home)  arrived  there,  and  that  there  has  been  a  great  mor- 
tality among  them,  ten  or  twelve  dying  of  a  day,  amongst 
which  was  the  gallant  and  worthy  officer,   Ikigadier  Gen. 


A 


* 


78 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


Bouquet.  This  gentleman  had  served  his  Majesty  all  the 
last  war  with  great  distinction.  He  was  promoted  from 
conscious  merit  not  only  unenvied,  but  even  with  the  ap- 
probation and  good  wishes  of  all  who  knew  hmi.  His 
superior  judgment  and  knowledge  of  military  matters,  his 
experienced  abiliiies,  known  humanity,  remarkable  po- 
liteness and  constant  attention  to  the  civil  rights  of  his 
Majesty's  subjects,  rendered  him  an  honor  to  his  country 
and  a  loss  to  mankind.  He  arrived  the  23d  of  August, 
and  died  Sej)tember  2."  Thus  in  the  midst  of  his  grow- 
ing fame  and  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood  this  superb 
man,  who  had  faced  death  unscathed  a  thousand  times 
in  the  forests  and  thickets  of  Pennsylvania,  met  his  un- 
timely end  from  insidious  disease,  just  as  he  was  about  to 
begin  his  career  on  a  new  theatre  of  action  in  the  far  dis- 
tant south. 

He  died  universally  regretted,  and  his  character  and  ex- 
ample were  commended  by  contemporary  writers  as  worthy 
of  imitation  by  young  officers  who  desired  to  win  a  lasting 
fame  in  the  pubfic  service.  He  sleeps  in  a  soldier's  grave, 
far  from  home  and  kindered,  far  from  those  who  knew 
him  but  to  love  him.  But  warm  and  grateful  hearts  in 
the  North  land  cherished  his  memory  and  fame  with  fond 
affection  118  years  ago.  And  although  for  a  time  oblivi- 
on's waves  seemed  to  have  almost  engulfed  him,  yet  we 
see  the  dawn  of  a  brighter  day  and  feel  assured  that  the 
fame  of  Boucjuet  will  shine  forth  bright  and  beautiful  as 
in  days  of  yore.  In  the  forum  of  all  grateful  hearts, 
among  the  descendants  of  Colonial  ancestors  or  i)ioneer 
setti  .rs,  a  monument  deserves  to  be  erected  to  the  memory 
of  Henry  Bouquet  more  enduring  than  Parian  marble  or 
Corinthian  brass.  Reverently  and  gratefully  I  pay  him 
this  tribute,  and  would  that  it  were  indeed  an  amaranthine 
chaplet  to  adorn  and  perpetuate  his  memory,  yea  to  call 
forth  the  homage  "f  the  good,  the  brave  and  the  true,  as 
the  centuries  go  n  arching  down  the  corridors  of  time. 


houquet's  grave  UNKNO' 


'N. 


Bouquet's  grave  at  Pensacola  is  unmarked  and  unknown. 
During  the  past  ten  months  very  thorough  researches  have 


It 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


79 


been  made  by  the  military  authorities  on  the  Gulf,  but  all 
in  vain,  as  the  subjoined  letters  indicate. 

War  Dki-arimknt,  Adjutant  General's  Office,  | 
Washington,  February  13,  1883.  / 

My  Dear  Sir  :  Your  letter  of  the  9th  inst.  enclosing  one  ad- 
dressed to  our  Ministei  at  Great  Britain,  has  been  received.     It 
affords  nie  great  pleasure  to  aid  you  all  I  can  in  this  matter,  and 
I  have  accordingly  submitted  your  letter  to  Mr.  Lowell,  to  the 
Hon.  the  Secretary  of  War,  for  transmission  to   the  Secretary 
of  State  for  such  action  as  may  be  consistent  with  public  luterests. 
Referring  to  your  inquiry  of  the  gtb  ult.,  respecting   the  re- 
mains of  Bouciuet,  I  regret  to  inform  you,  that  the  commandmg 
ofticeratFort  Barrancas,  Fla.,  to  whom  your  request  was  re- 
ferred, reports  under  the  date  of  the  7th  instant,   that  he  has 
made  search  and  inquuy  in  Pensacola  regarding  the  whereabouts 
of  (ien.  Bouciuct's  r  -mains,  but  has  not  been  able  to  learn  any- 
thino-  about  them.     He  further  states  that  the  oldest  cemetery  at 
Penlacola  was  commenced  in  1780,  and  that  those  best  posted  in 
the  matter  have  informed  him    that  all  the  cemeteries  at  that 
phice  were  destroyed  prior  to  1780,  and  that  there  is  no  trace  ot 
them  left. 

The  old  cemeteries  at  Pensacola  were  probably  destroyed  in 
1781,  when  that  town  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Spanish 
General  Galvez. 

I  will  make  further  incjuiries  regarding  Bouquet's  remains  and 
apprise  vou  of  the  result.  Yours  very  truly, 

R.  C.  Drum, 
REV.  Cyrus  Cort,  Adjutant  Gtueral. 

C.reencastle,  Fmiiklin  County,  I'a. 

W\R  Dki'A?.  ment,  Adu'tant  General's  Office,  ) 
Wasiun.-.ton.  March  21,  1S83.  f 

DKAR  Sir  :   I  have  received  General  Hancock's  answer  to  my 
intiuiries  regarding  Bouquet's  remains. 

He  informs  me  that  upon  the  receipt  of  my  letter  he  referred 
it  to  several  oftlcers  who  have  been  stationed  at  !<  ort  Barn.ncas, 
Fla.,  for  anv  information  or  suggestions  they  might  have  in  tjus 
matter ;  that  they  named  certain  persons  who,  they  thougnt, 
could  probably  furnish  the  desir-d  information,  but  that  ah  ettorts 
in  that  direction  have  thus  lar  p  .Acd  to  be  unsuccessful. 

The  commanding  officer  of  Fort  Barrancas  again  •  isited  Pen- 
sacola, with  a  view  of  obtaining  soir-  information  of  the  vcinams 


1 


f-^  A. 


8o 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


?-.r 


of  Bouquet,  supposed  to  have  be  buried  there.  He  interviewed  a 
number  of  gentlemen,  old  residents  of  that  town,  and  states  that 
none  of  them  have  ever  heard  of  Jiouquet. 

He  also  searched  the  old  cemetery,  which  was  deeded  by  the 
Spanish  to  the  Catholic  church  in  1781,  but  without  success,  and 
finally  states  that — unfortunately — the  records  of  the  cemetery  as 
well  as  those  of  the  Catholic  church,  were  destroyed  by  fire  last 
summer,  and  regrets  to  state  that  it  is  impossible  to  gain  any  in- 
formation at  Pensacola  regarding  the  whereabouts  of  Bouquet's 
remains.  I  am,  yours  very  truly, 

R.  C.  Drum, 
The  Rev.  Cyrus  Curt,  Adjutant  General. 

Greencastle,  Franklin  County,  Pa. 

General  Drum  has  shown  great  zeal  and  persistency  in 
this  research.  He  has  always  manifested  deep  interest  in 
the  character  and  career  of  Col.  Bouquet,  and  as  a  West- 
morelander  of  old  and  honored  lineage,  he  is  anxious  to 
have  justice  done  to  the  hero  of  Bushy  Run.  It  remains 
for  the  present  generation  to  mark  aright  the  field  of  Bou- 
(luet's  greatest  triumph  by  a  monument  as  lasting  as  the 
hills  which  were  consecrated  by  the  blood  and  valor  of  his 
heroic  soldiers.  Appropos  to  this  j)art  of  my  subject  I 
will  append  a  poem,  which  was  written  in  a  freight  car  on 
the  Iowa  prairies,  whilst  the  writer  was  transporting  his 
horse  and  household  goods  from  one  field  of  pastoral  labor 
to  another,  Nov.  19,  18S0,  the  thermometer  being  several 
degrees  below  zero. 

Bouquet's  Grave. 

He  sleeps  in  an  unknown  grave, 

In  a  far  away  land. 

By  the  South  Sea  strand, 
Bouquet  sleeps  the  sleep  of  the  brave. 

Sleep  on,  Oh  son  of  the  free  ! 

Where  the  blood  of  the  Scot, 

F'rom  the  field  where  you  fought, 
Ran  down  to  the  boundless  sea. 

Ah  !  was  it  not  grandly  meet, 

That  the  gallant  Bouquet, 

In  that  land  far  away, 
Should  lie  where  the  surges  beat. 


% 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 

Oh  Sea !  be  an  urn  for  the  men, 

And  a  requiem  bell 

For  the  hero  who  fell, 
Till  the  muse  shall  be  crrateful 


8i 


agam. 


Alas  !  'Tis  a  burning  shame, 

That  the  Keystone  state 

Should  be  tardy  or  late 
To  cherish  the  Switzer's  fame. 

Redeemed  were  your  woody  hills 

By  the  Swiss  and  the  Scot, 

Let  thcni  ne'er  be  forgot 
While  valor  the  bosom  thrills. 

Awake  !  Ye  sons  of  the  North  ! 

And  the  deeds  of  these  men 

Clasp  to  your  hearts  again, 
And  fondly  cherish  their  worth.  * 

Oh,  land  of  the  brave  and  free  ! 

Bright  as  the  noonday  sun, 

Long  as  your  streams  shall  run 
Let  the  fame  of  the  Switzer  be. 

A    MONUMENT    DUE    BOUQUET. 

In  an  nvticle  written  for  Frank  Cowan's  paper,  on  the 
P)ushy  Run  battle,  nearly  eleven  years  ago,  I  asked  the 
([uestion  "  does  not  Westmoreland  county,  yea  all  Western 
Pennsylvania  owe  a  monument  to  Henry  Bouquet  ?"  In  my 
centennial  speech  at  Hannastown,  a  year  ago,  I  enlarged 
upon  the  same  thought  and,  I  trust,  that  in  the  Providence 
of  God,  I  may  see  the  day  when  the  dear  old  county  of 
my  nativity  will  thus  honor  herself,  as  well  as  the  grand 
hero  who  has  made  her  soil  historic  ground.  All  public 
spirited  people  should  aid  in  such  a  work.  It  will  stimu- 
late the  young  to  emulate  one  who,  amid  perils  and  priva- 
tions, by  sterling  merit  and  conscientious  fidelity  to  duty, 
rose  fiom  obscurity  to  become  the  peer  of  the  greatest  and 
best. 

It  will  help  to  demonstrate  that  no  flight  of  years  or 
changes  of  human  governments  and  institutions,  can  oblit- 
erate the  meuK^ry  of  genuine  worth  nnd  true  manhood,  as 
illustrated  in  the  history  of  Henry  Bouquet. 


% 


82 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


i 


ir 


With  Pericles,  as  amplified  by  Edward  Everett  at  Get- 
tysburg, we  may  say  of  illustrious  men  "  The  whole 
earth  is  their  sepulchre  and  all  time  themilleniumof  their 
glory."  Wherever  heroic  deeds  have  been  done,  wher- 
ever the  battles  of  human  civilization  have  been  fought  and 
won,  that  is  hallowed  ground,  full  of  deepest  interest  to 
every  thoughtful,  true-hearted  man. 

*'  These  are  the  shrines  to  code  nor  creed  confined 
The  Delphian  vales,  the  Palestine,  the  Mcccasof  the  mind." 

Bushy  Run  battlefield  ought  to  be,  and  I  feei  assured 
will  be  looked  upon,  in  years  to  come,  as  such  a  shrine. 
Here  savage  barbarism,  as  represented  by  Pontiac  and 
Guyasutha,"  two  of  its  noblest  representatives,  met  the 
vanguard  of  civilization,  culture  and  progress,  under  the 
matchless  leaderslnj)  of  Bouquet.  Here,  too,  was  fought 
and  won  the  battle  which  virtually  established  the  supre- 
macy of  the  Anglo  Saxon  race,  in  the  great  valley  of  the 

Mississippi. 

"  The  land  is  holy  where  they  fought 
And  holy  where  they  fell." 

Not  by  British  blood  and  valor /^;-  i-<?,  but  by  Swiss  and 
Scot,  Royal  Americans,  Provincials  and  Highlanders  from 
Caledonia  hills,  by  these  other  branches  of  the  great  Teu- 
tonic host,  the  Aryan  or  Indo-Germanic  family  of  nations, 
was  this  typical  battle  fought  and  won  120  years  ago. 

It  is  meet  that  the  German-Swiss  and  Scotch-Irish  ele- 
ments should  possess  this  goodly  land,  as  they  do  this  day, 
forming  the  bone  and  sinew  of  Westmoreland's  sterling 
poi)ulation. 

And  it  is  meet  that  they  should  not  forget  the  pit  out  of 
which  they  have  been  dug,  nor  the  rock  from  wliich  they 
have  been  hewn. 

The  toils  and  privations  of  our  colonial  ancestors  should 
be  held  in  grateful  and  everlasting  remembrance.  They 
braved  the  perils  of  old  ocean  and  of  life  in  the  Western 
wilderness,  amid  savage  beasts  and  more  savage  men,  for 
the  sake  of  religious  princii)le,  and  that  their  children 
might  be  freeholders  and  freemen  in  the  best  sense  of  the 
term.     Let  us  prize  the  precious  birthright   as  something 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


83 


more  precious  than  silver  or  gold.  "  Man  shall  not  live 
by  bread  alone,  but  by  every  word  that  jjroceedeth  out  of 
the  mouth  of  God."  Ideas,  principles,  sentiments  cultivat- 
ing a  pure  and  progressive  Christian  manhood,  are  of  vastly 
more  account  than  the  filthy  lucre,  on  which  so  many  set 
their  hearts.  The  scenery  and  associations  of  childhood 
and  youth  are  educational.  They  stamp  their  impress 
ui)on  the  soul  for  weal  or  for  woe.  Inspiring  historical 
treasures  are  beyond  all  price.  Many  are  the  lines  of 
thought  and  currents  of  history  that  centre  in  and  around 
the  honorable  and  eventful  career  of  Henry  Bouquet.  As 
good  men  did  in  days  of  old,  so  now  would  I  commend 
liis  as  a  character  and  example  worthy  of  study  and  imi- 
tation by  the  young  and  all  entrusted  with  official  posi- 
tions. 

CONCLUDING    REMARKS. 

r>ou(piet  willed  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Trough  Valley, 
(  Huntingdon  or  Mifflin  Co.,  Pa.,)  to  Mr.  Thos.  Willing. 
This  was  a  brother  of  Miss  Annie  Willing,  his  fair  corres- 
pondent. His  extensive  Long  Meadows  estate  in  Maryland 
lay  a  few  miles  north  or  north-east  of  Hagerstown,  Md., 
and  is  now  owned  by  the  I.ehmans,  Willems,  Cresslers, 
and  others. 

Col.  Haldimand,  his  legatee,  and  executor,  was  his 
special  Swiss  compatriot  and  military  comrade.  He  fig- 
ured somewhat  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  became 
governor-general  of  Canada,  from  which  post  he  retired  in 
1785,  to  die  in  his  native  Switzerland.  Many  of  Bou- 
(juet's  most  valuable  papers  are  included  among  those  of 
Haldimand,  at  present,  in  the  British  Museum.  The  time 
to  write  a  complete  biograjjhy  of  the  man  has  not  yet  ar- 
rived. 

^  Mr.  G.  I).  Scull,  of  Philadelphia,  residing  at  Oxford, 
England,  expects  to  i)ublish  a  very  limited  edition  of  some 
of  these  papers  during  the  ensuing  year.  He  claims  that 
on  one  occasion  Boucpiet  saved  Philadelphia  from  sack 
and  pillage,  the  proof  of  which  will  doubtless  appear  in 
his  book.  I  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  refer  to  this  proposed 
publication  in  the  preparation  of  this  sketch,  but  have  been 
disappointed. 


11 


\ 


.1         •  ii 


84 


m 


H- 


:l 
.!  i 


COL.  HENRY  liOUqUET 


PONTIAC  S    SUI5M1SS10N. 


Pontiac,  for  a  season  remained  defiant,  even  after  his 
confederates  had  submitted  to  the  terms  of  Bouquet. 
When  Capt.  Morris  went  to  liim  with  proposals  of  i)eace, 
he  met  him  on  the  outskirts  of  his  earn]),  and  refused  to 
take  his  hand.  With  flashing  eye,  he  exclaimed,  *'  The 
English  are  liars."  And  yet  he  spared  the  captain's  lif  j, 
as  he  afterwards  did  that  of  Lieut.  Fraser,  Mr.  Croghan, 
and  other  peace  envoys,  although  his  warriors  were  anxious 
to  slay  them.  He  sought  the  country  of  the  Illinois,  with 
400  warriors,  where  the  flag  of  France  still  floated,  as  it 
had  done  since  the  days  of  La  Salle,  Tonti,  <Jv:c.,  in  1680. 

He  urged  the  different  tribes  to  rise  again  and  fight 
for  the  preservation  of  their  race,  and  threatened  to  de- 
stroy those  who  shirked.  French  traders  had  all  along 
led  him  to  expect  aid  from  their  great  King.  At  length, 
he  was  fully  convinced,  by  replies  of  French  officers,  in 
response  to  his  embassies  sent  to  Fort  Chartres  and  New 
Orleans,  that  all  hope  of  help  from  that  (juarter  was  vain. 
He  then  gave  up  the  contest,  and  agreed  to  meet  with 
other  confederates  at  the  great  council,  iield  by  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson,  to  arrange  definitely  the  terms  of  peace,  secured 
by  the  campaigns  of  Bouquet. 

Croghan,  who  met  him  repeatedly  and  experienced  his 
magnanimity  in  restraining  warriors  who  were  anxious  to 
kill  the  British  peace-agent,  speaks  thus  of  the  great 
Ottawa  chieftain  :  "  Pontiac  is  a  shrewd,  sensible  Indian, 
of  few  words,  and  commands  more  respect  among  his  own 
nation  than  any  Indian  1  ever  saw  could  do  among  his 
own  tribe." 

Late  in  the  fall  of  1765  Capt.  Sterling  descended  the 
Ohio  in  boats,  and  passed  up  the  Mississippi  with  one 
hundred  Highlanders  of  the  42d  regiment  to  Fort  Chartres, 
of  which  he  took  formal  possession  in  the  name  of  Great 
Britain. 

It  was  fitting  that  "those  veterans  whose  battle  cry," 
as  Parkman  says,  "  had  echoed  over  the-  bloodiest  fields 
of  America,"  should  consummate  on  the  banks  of  the 
Father  of  Waters  the  work  begun  at  Bushy  Run,  and  es- 


^- 


*-4^':- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  85 

tablish  forever  Anglo-Saxon  supremacy  in  the  new  world. 
In  due  time  Pontiac  api)eared  at  the  great  council  held 
by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  during  the  latter  part  of  July,  1766. 
The  following  are  the  o[)ening  sentences  of  his  speech: 
"  Father,  we  thank  the  Great  Spirit  for  giving  us  so  fine  a 
day  to  meet  up(jn  such  great  affairs.  1  speak  in  the  name 
of  all  the  nations  to  the  westward,  of  whom  I  am  the 
master.  It  is  the  will  of  the  Great  Spirit  that  we  should 
meet  here  to-day  ;  and  before  him  I  now  take  you  by  the 
hand.  1  call  him  to  witness  that  I  speak  from  the  heart  ; 
for  since  I  took  Col.  Croghan  by  the  hand  last  year,  I 
have  never  let  go  my  hold,  for  I  see  that  the  Great  Spirit 
will  have  us  friends." 


^  s\ 


PONTIAC  S    ASSASSINATION    AND    ITS    EXPIATION. 

Everything  was  amicably  adjusted  at  the  council,  and 
Pontiac,  with  many  presents,  returned  to  the  Maumee, 
where  he  spent  one  season.  He  afterwards  seems  to  have 
located  in  the  region  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  who  were 
jealous  of  his  presence,  and  who  approved  of  his  assassi- 
nation. Accounts  differ  in  regard  to  this  affair,  Mr, 
Parkman  adopts  the  Cahokia  theory  i.  e.,  that  Pontiac 
was  killed  at  that  place  by  an  Illinois  Indian  who  had 
been  bribed  to  do  the  foul  deed  by  Williamson,  an  Eng- 
lish trader,  who  feared  that  Pontiac,  while  on  a  drunken 
spree,  was  about  to  stir  up  trouble  against  the  English, 
and  thus  interfere  with  his  traffic.  Mr.  Matson  contends 
that  Pontiac  was  fatally  stabbed  by  Kineboo,  the  chief  of 
the  Illinois  Indians  at  a  council,  held  near  Joliet,  in  that 
state. 

One  thing  is  certain,  the  Illinois  Indians  were  held  re- 
sponsible for  his  assassination.  All  the  tribes  that  in 
former  days  had  felt  the  magic  spell  of  his  eloquence  and 
had  responded  to  his  bugle  call,  now  leagued  together  to 
avenge  the  death  of  Pontiac  by  a  war  of  extermination 
against  the  Illinois  Indians. 

The  following  extract  1  take  from  an  article  which  1 
prepared  for  the  Guardian  for  August,  1882,  on  the  basis 
of  Matson's  theory  : 


\ 


■    -'^^gT^ripf  >•** 


JTT 


y^^sjirW^^^:*^ 


•vfr-ff-afe^ 


86 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


I 


'*  Runners  were  sent  to  the  Winnebagos,  of  the  North,  and 
the  Kickapoos,  of  the  South-west,  who  agreed  to  help  avenge  the 
death  of  the   great  I'ontiac.     Over  the  remains  a  councU  was 
held  by  the  allies,  who  swore  by  the  great  Manito  of  war  not  to 
lay  down  the  tomahawk  until  the  fallen  chieftain's  d(;ath  should 
be  avenged  by  the  destruction  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  who  abetted 
the  cowardly  deed  of  Kineboo.     The   IMiamis   united  with   the 
tribes  already  mentioned,  and  Bernct,   the  white  outlaw,   also 
with  a  band  of  warriors,  joined  in  the  bloody  strife.     The  com- 
bined forces  made  the  most  formidable  Indian  army  ever  collected 
in  the  West.     Death  and  annihilation  to  the  Illinois  was  the  sav- 
age oath  of  the  ferocious  avengers.      The  smaller  towns  along 
the  Illinois  river  were  first  destroyed,  and   finally  La  Vantum, 
their  great  capital,  which  was  defended  by  their  bravest  warriors, 
was  suddenly  assaulted.     The  skull  and  cross  bones  of  Pontiac 
were  borne  on  a  red  pole  by  the  avengers.     Their  first  attack 
met  with  a  bloody  repulse.     A  council  of  war  was  called  by  the 
invaders,  at  which   the  leading  war  chiefs,  with  fiery  eloquence, 
advocated  that  nothing  short  of  exttymination  of  the  Illinoisans 
would  meet  the  demands  of  the  case  or  be  acceptable  to  the  great 
Manito  of  war.     The   Illinois  warriors   had  spent  much  of  the 
night  in  dancing  and  premature  rejoicing  over  the  repulse  of  the 
assailants,  and  were  taken  by  surprise  in  the  morning.     After 
terrific  carnage,  the  allies  were  again  repulsed  with  great  slaugh- 
ter.    But  again  and  again  they  returned  with  reinforcements^to 
the  conflict.     Thus  for  twelve  long  hours  the  carnival  of  death 
went  on  in  and  around  La  Vantum,  the  great  Indian  city  of  the 
West.     Night  came  on,  and  still  the  l)attle  raged,  until  a  heavy 
rain  storm  put  an  end  to  hostilities.     During  the  darkness  and 
storm  the  Illinois  Indians  crossed  the  Illinois  river  in  their  canoes 
and  ascended  Starved  Rock,  the  old  site  of  Fort  St.  Louis,  where 
Tonti  had  so  signally  repulsed  the  Iroquois.     Here  the  remnant 
of  1 200  Illinois  Indians,    including    300    warriors,   rallied   and 
thought  themselves  secure.     But   the  allied  forces,  not  content 
with  the  destruction  of  the  town  and  other  property  of  the   Illi- 
nois, quickly  surrounded  the  Rock,  determined  to  avenge  the 
death  of  Pontiac  by  the  complete  annihilation  of  all  who  in  any 
way  approved  of  his  assassination.  With  ferocious  veils  they  rushed 
up  the  rugged  pathway  on  the  only  accessible  side  of  the  rocky 
summit.     But  brave  and  desperate  Illinois  warriors,  with  war 
clubs  and  tomahawks,  sent  them  bleeding  and  mangled  down 
the  steep  declivity.     Again   and  again  did  the  fierce   avengers 
attempt  to  storm  the  almost  impregnable  heights.      Many  were 
slain  as  soon  as  they  reached  the  summit,  and  hurled  over  the 
precipice  into  the  river  below.     After  losing  many  of  their  brav- 


i 


^^■^a,,*3&: 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  87 

est  warriors,  the  allies  gave  up  the  assault  and  began  the  slow 
and  tedious  work  of  starving  out  the  besieged  lUinoisans.     At 
the  time  of  the  attack  upon  the  town  a  French  and  Indian  half- 
breed  warrior,  named  Helix,  wiio  had  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self in  previous  battles,  was  being  married  to  the  beautiful  daugh- 
ter of  Chief  Kincboo.     When   the  assault   was  made  upon  the 
Rock,  Helix  stood  foremost  and  most  valliant  among  the  defend- 
ers, and  with  his  war-club  dealt  death-blows  upon  many  of  the 
assailants.     His  bride  stood  near  by  to  encourage  her  gallant 
lord,  but  when  she  saw  him  fall  with  skull  cloven  by  a  tomahawk, 
she  uttered  a  wild  scream  and  sprang  over  the  Rock,  falling  from 
crag  to  crag  until  her  lifeless  body  dropped  into  the  river  below. 
Fift>'-onc  years  had  elapsed  since  the  rock  had  been  abandoned 
bv  the  French,  and  the  palisades  and  earth -works  afforded  but 
httle  protection  against  sharp-shooters  who  took  possession  of 
neighboring  cliffs  and  joined  in  a   galling  fire  upon  the  Illinois. 
Kincboo,  whose  rash  and  dastardly  act  had  precipitated  the  war, 
was  killed  in  this  way.     Hut  soon  a  rampart,  sufficient  to  ward  off 
bullets  was  erected  by  the  besieged  along  the  exposed  edges  of 
the  precipices.      Hut  the  worst  enemy  now  began  to  assail  them. 
Hunger  began  to  gnaw  at  their  vitals  with  remorseless  tooth.  The 
smaU  suppfy  of  provisions,  brought  along  in  their  flight  from  La 
Vantum,  were  soon  exhausted.     The  Rock  of  refuge  became  an 
altar  of  sacrifice,  of  whole  burnt  offering,  to  the  Illinois  in  the 
end  ;  for  their  relentless  foes  never  relaxed  in  the  siege  until  the 
last  Illinois  but  one  had  perished.     A  warrior,  the  solitary  excep- 
tion, let  himself  down  by  a  buckskin  cord  into  the  river  on  a 
dark  and  stormy  night  and  escaped,  but  all  the  rest,— warriors, 
squaws  and  pnppooses  perished.     Some  of  the  squaws,  in  the  de- 
lirium of  hunger  and  thirst,  would  spring  with  their  infants  into 
the  river.     Warriors   would   make   a   sortie  only  to  be  slain  or 
driven  back  bv  the  merciless  avengers.     Some  feasted   on  the 
dead.      The  death-song  was  chanted,  and  at  last,  when  a  final 
assault  was  made,  only  a  few  feeble  survivors  remained  to  be 
tomahawked.     Thus  perished  the  once  powerful  and  arrogant 
Illinois,  and  thus  terribly  was  the  assassination  of  the  great  Pon- 
tiac  avenged.     Cheat  must  have  been  the  magnetism  of  the  man 
in  life  and  denth  who  marshalled  the  conspiracy  which  nearly 
drove  the  ICnglish  east  of  the  Alleghenies,  and  which  combined 
the  savage  hosts  of  the  lakes  and  the  prairies  to  expiate  ''the 
deep  damnation  of  his  taking  off"  by  a  holocaust  that  is  unpar- 
alleled even    in  the  history  of  savage  warfare  and  retaliation. 
Well  mav  the  old  site  of  Fort  St.  Louis,  on  the    Hlinois  river, 
near  Ottawa,  Illinois,  the  scene  of  the  first  white  settlement  in 
the  Mississippi  valley,  two  hundred  years  ago,  be  called  Starved 


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88 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


Rock,  in  commemoration  of  that  closing  tragedy  and  catastrophe 
in  the  history  of  the  great  tribe  whose  name  is  perpetuated  not 
only  by  the  river  along  whicli  they  roved,  fished  and  hunted, 
and  fought  their  numerous  foes,  but  also  by  the  title  of  one  of 
the  greatest  and  most  prosperous  states  in  the  American  Union." 

Tujs  was  expiated  the  death  of  Pontiac,  over  whose 
grave,  as  Parkman  says,  **  more  blood  was  poured  out  in 
atonement  than  flowed  from  the  veins  of  the  slaughtered 
heroes  on  the  corpse  of  Patroclus." 

Let  justice  be  done  to  the  memory  of  the  man  who  broke 
the  eastern  wing  of  the  great  conspiracy  at  Bushy  Run, 
Aug.  6,  1763,  and  rolled  back  the  advancing  tide  of  savage 
barbarism.  All  honor  to  Colonel  Henry  Bouc^uet  and  his 
heroic  army  of  deliverance,  who  consecrated  by  their 
blood  and  valor,  the  green  hills  of  old  Westmoreland  and 
made  them  historic  forever. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY    BEFORE    AND    DURING    THE 

REVOLUTION. 

Westmoreland  county  was  created  by  Pennsylvania  pro- 
vincial authorities  in  1773,  and  originally  included  all  that 
part  of  the  State  west  of  Laurel  Hill.  A  dozen  other 
counties  have  since  been  created  out  of  the  same  territory, 
so  that  for  Western  Pennsylvania  it  may  be  said  that  "Old 
Westmoreland"  was  the  mother  of  counties. 

Hannastown,  a  liamlet  a  few  miles  north-east  of  Greens- 
burg,  was  the  first  county  seat.  Here  justice  was  first 
dispensed,  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  according  to  the  civil 
code.  William  Crawford,  afterwards  burnt  by  the  Indi- 
ans, was  the  first  presiding  justice,  and  Arthur  St.  Clair 
was  the  first  prothonotary.  The  first  court  fixed  the  price 
of  a  gill  of  whiskey  at  four  pen  -e  ;  toddy,  one  shilling  ; 
West  India  rum,  six  pence  ;  cider,  per  (juart,  one  shilling 
six  pence  ;  strong  beer,  per  (piart,  sixpence. 

The  jail  was  made  of  rough,  unhewn  logs.  Punish- 
ments were  fines,  whipping,  standing  in  pillory  or  stocks, 
cropping  off  ears  and  branding. 

Ra|)e,  sodomy,  robbery,  inahein,  arson,  ])urglary,  witch- 
craft and  concealing  of  a  bastard  child  were  punishable 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


89 


with  death,  as  well  as  murder.  Virginia  set  up  rival 
claims  to  a  large  part  cf  the  territory  included  in  West- 
moreland county,  and  created  West  Augusta  county  to 
c(wer  it.  Lord  Dunmore,  her  Tory  Governor,  organized  a 
court  at  Pittsburgh  Feb.  21,  1775,  to  offset  the  claims  of 
P(.'nnsylvania.  Dr.  John  Connolly,  a  resident  of  Pitts- 
burgh, was  the  Virginia  agent,  and  representative  of  Dun- 
more.  He  published  a  manifesto  Jan.  i,  1774,  inviting 
settlers  to  meet  at  Pittsburgh  on  the  25th  proximo  for  con- 
ference, assuring  them  of  the  protection  of  Virginia. 

Arthur  St.  Clair,  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  Westmore- 
land, issued  a  warrant  and  had  Connolly  arrested  for  a  short 
time  and  confined  in  the  log  jail  at  Hannastown.  Con- 
nolly, after  his  release,  issued  warrants  and  arrested  the 
Westmoreland  justices  of  the  peace.  The  conflict  con- 
tinued for  about  a  year.  Virginia's  claims  were  recognized 
at  Fort  Pitt  and  in  the  Monongahela  region.  Yohogania 
county  was  created  Nov.  30,  1776,  out  of  part  of  Augusta 
and  included  the  greater  part  of  Alleghany  and  Washing- 
ton counties.  Virginia  courts  were  held  for  five  years 
under  these  auspices.  Virginia's  price  for  lands  l3eing 
cheaper  than  those  of  Pennsylvania,  the  settlers  in  those 
regions  generally  sided  with  her  in  the  dispute.  At  Bushy 
Run,  Hannastown  and  Ligonier,  with  adjacent  settlements, 
Pennsylvania  interests  and  claims  were  upheld.  This  con- 
flict of  jurisdiction  caused  great  trouble  and  uneasiness, 
which  was  not  allayed  fully  until  the  completion  of  the 
western  end  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  after  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

From  the  date  of  Bouquet's  peace,  dictated  to  the  Indi- 
ans on  the  Muskingum,  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, there  was  comparative  peace  and  tranquility,  so  far 
as  the  Indians  were  concerned.  The  fur  traders  plied 
their  lucrative  traffic  without  molestation.  The  country 
began  to  f'll  up  rapidly.  When  the  VVar  of  Independence 
began,  the  sectional  disputes  were  forgotten  and  a  com- 
mon purpose  was  manifested  to  resist  the  encroachments 
of  Great  Britain.  Hannastown  has  the  honor  of  not  only 
being  the  first  seat  of  civil  justice,  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
but  of  leading  the  van  in  sounding  the  note  of  d<;fiance  in 


i^,tm^-^ 


90 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


\ 


a  formal  public  declaration  of  the  sentiments  that  stirred 
the  heart  of  the  persecuted  colonies.  On  the  sixteenth  of 
May,  1775,  a  convention  was  held  at  Hannastown,  which 
denounced  the  acts  of  British  usurpation  and  tvrrany,  and 
took  measures  to  provide  for  the  common  defence. 

Westmoreland  was  promi)t  in  electing  delegates,  July  8, 
1776,  to  attend  the  convention,  which  met  in  Philadelphia' 
July  15,  1776,  to  lay  the  foundations  of  a  government,' 
"based  on  the  authority  of  the  people  only." 

That  convention  included  many  of  the  best  men  of  the 
state— wise  in  counsel,  brave  and  energetic  in  action.  Men 
like  Franklin,  Clymer,  Hiester,  and  Rittenhouse.  West- 
moreland sent  as  her  delegates —James  Barr,  Edward 
Cook,  James  Smith,  'John  Moore,  John  Carmichael,  James 
Perry,  John  McClellan  and  Christian  Lavingair. 

Before  taking   their  seats  or  casting  their   votes,  they 

were  required  to  subscribe  to  the  following  :     ''  I, , 

do  profess  faith  in  God,  the  Father,  and  in  Jesus' Christ' 
His  Eternal  Son,  the  true  God,  and  in  the  Holy  Spirit,  one 
God  blessed  forevermore  ;  and  do  acknowledge  the  Holy 
Scripture  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  to  be  given  by 
divine  inspiration."  A  very  correct  and  orthodox  profes- 
sion of  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  Christianity.  The 
convention  adjourned  September  28,  1776,  after  framing 
an  excellent  form  of  government,  by  the  people  and  for 
the  peoi)le.  In  fact,  their  work  has  foxmed  the  basis  for 
all  the  state  constitutions  since  adopted. 

And  now  came  the  horrors  of  war.  To  the  everlasting 
disgrace  and  infamy  of  Great  Britain,  it  must  be  said  that 
she  ollered  large  bounties  to  cruel  savages  for  the  scalps 
of  the  frontier  settlers,  men,  women  and  children. 

The  British  Governor,  Hamilton,  who  had  control  at 
Detroit  and  along  the  northern  frontiers,  gave  standing 
rewards  for  scaljjs,  but  offered  none  for  prisoners.  In 
consequence  the  Indians  comi)elled  the  [)oor  captives  to 
carry  their  i)lunder  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Detroit, 
where,  after  having  endured  indescribable  sufferings  du^ 
ring  the  journey  through  the  wilderness,  the  poor  crea- 
tures were  put  to  death  and  scalped  in  cold  blood  to  get 
the   bounty.     DePeyster,   under  orders  from  Haldimand, 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


9» 


'i 


acted    more   humanely  as  commandant  at   Detroit.     He 
encouraged  the  Indians  to  bring  in  live  meat,  as  the  pris- 
oners from   the  borders  were  called,  rather   than   scalps, 
which  he  did  not  like  to  see.      In   this  v/ay  he  saved   300 
frontier  prisoners  from  a  barbarous  death.   Prowling  bands 
of   savages   continually  ravaged   the  borders,   and    West- 
moreland was  a  favorite  resoit  for   the  scalping  parties. 
The  old  war  path  of  the  Catawbas  and  Cherokees  from 
the  south  and  southwest,   with  a   tributary  trail  or  path 
from  Tennessee  and   Kentucky,   went  right  through  the 
heart  of  Westmoreland  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, in  western  New  York,  where  lived  the  Iroquois,  or 
Six  Nations,  their  inveterate  enemies.     ^^  ^  er  the  concpiest 
of  the  southern  tribes  by  their  powerful  northern  foes,  they 
made  periodical  trips  to  pay  tribute  or  show  ])roper  obeis- 
ance to  the  conquerors. 

The  Mohawk  Pluggy,  located  on  the  eastern  branch  of 
the  Scioto,  with  a  lawless  and  miscellaneous  gang  of  ma- 
rauders, made  frequent  forays  into  the  settlements  along 
the  Ohio  and  its  branches. 

Generals  Hand  and  Mcintosh,  Col.  Brodhead  and  Gen. 
Irvine  commaded  Fort  Pitt  during  the  Revolution,  and 
although  many  expeditions  were  projected  and  a  few 
abortive  ones  undertaken  to  carry  the  war  into  the  Indian 
country,  nothing  serious  was  ever  accomplished  in  that 
line  to  check  the  repeated  incursions  of  the  savages.  Such 
a  campaign  and  commander  as  carried  terror  to  their 
hearts  in  their  own  native  haunts  in  1764,  would  have 
secured  safccy  and  trancpiility  to  a  large  extent.  But  the 
desultory  and  fragmentary  efforts  put  forth  from  time  to 
time  for  aggressive  movements  against  the  savages  and 
tories,  as  a  rule  only  resulted  in  greater  hardships  for  the 
frontier  settlers. 

McKee,  the  Girty's  and  other  tories  who  had  grudge 
against  the  frontier  settlers,  led  on  the  savage  demons 
with  great  craft  and  daring  against  the  exposed  frontiers. 

In  April,  177S,  a  Westmorelander  wrote,  "  God  only 
knows  what  may  be  the  fate  of  this  county  ;  but  at  pres- 
ent it  wears  a  dismal  aspect."  May  i,  1779,  another 
wrote,  "  The  savages  are  continually  making  dejjredations 


1^^ 


II 


n 


9^  COL.    HSNfiY  BOUQUET 

among  us  ;  not  less  than   forty  people  have  been   killed 
I  wounded  or  captured  this  sprin-."     A  year  later  and  the 

prospect  was  still  more  gloomy.     Over  forty  settlers  had 
been  slain  in  the  Monongahela  region,  and  the  raids  were 
fre(}uent  from  the  northern  Allegheny  regions      "  It  really 
began  to  look,"  wrote  Butterfield,  "  'is  though  Westmoreland 
would  again  become  a  wilderness.     The  pconle,  in  a  half 
starving  condition,  huddled  in  and  about  the   forts  and 
block-houses.     The  troops  at  Fort   Pitt  were  ragged,  un- 
paid, poorly  fed,  and  of  course  discontented  and  inefficient 
In  August  the  Maryland  corps  deserted  their  posts  on  the 
frontier  of  Westmoreland,  and  in  a  body  marched  across 
the   mountains.     Lochry  and    his   150   picked   men  were 
surprised    and    destioyed    in    1781.       Crawford,   another 
•      county  official,  met   with   terrible   disaster  and  death   in 
1782;  and  thus  the  chapter  of  horrors   and   frontier  suf- 
tenng  goes  on.  Brodhead  and  some  of  his  subordinate  offi- 
cers got    at    loggerheads,  and  in    the    midst    of  quarrels 
among  officers  at  Fort  Pitt   the  work  ol  desolation  pros- 
pered. ^      ' 

Gen.  Irvi^ne  was  appoirted,  but  although  many  campaigns 
were  talked  about,  none  but  such  as  Crawford's,  William- 
son s,  &c.,  badly  managed  affairs,  were  actualized  The 
main  army  was  engaged  in  the  last  death  grapples  with 
the  British  Lion  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  western 
settlers  were  largely  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  savages 

1  he  British  were  emboldened  even  to  fit  out  an  expedi- 
tion  to  capture   Fort   Pitt.     Three   hundred   P,ritish   and 
1  ones,  and  five  hundred   Indians,  assembled  with  twelve 
pieces   of  artillery,  on   Lake   Jadagua  (  Chataucpia  ),   in 
1782,    with  this   intention.       Having  learned,    throu'di  a 
spy,  that  the  fort  was   much  stronger  than  had  been  "sup- 
posed, the  main  object  of  the   expedition  was  given   up 
The  usual  method  of  border  warfare  was  then  adopted 
and  marauding  bands  went  into  the  different  settlements' 
A  teelingof  unrest  and  apprehension  pervaded  the  frontier 
Many   had  been   shot  down   and   scali,ed,  and   prisoners 
carried  off  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Forts  Walthour 
Ivlingensmith,  &c.     This  sense  of  alarm  found  verv  timelv 
and  forcible  representation  in  the  petition  of  German  set^- 
tlers  on  Brush  Creek,  addressed  to   General  Irvine,  com- 


*i:i 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


93 


mandcr  at  Fort  Pitt,  June  22,  1782.  It  sets  forth  the  de- 
spondency and  distress  of  the  peo[)le  on  account  of 
continued  calamities  (Crawford's  fate  had  just  been 
learned).  They  speak  of  the  gre;  t  peril  attending  the 
gathering  of  the  harvest,  nearly  ripe,  and  beg  for  some 
troops  to  protect  them  as  they  seek  to  gather  in  the  crops, 
which  are  needed  to  save  them  from  famine — as  much  to 
be  dreaded  as  the  scalping  knife.  This  petition  was  signed 
by  ancestors  of  many  living  Westmorelanders,  viz.:  George, 
Christopher,  Joseph  and  Michael  Waldhauer  (  Walthour,) 
Abraham  and  Joseph  Studabedker,  Michael  and  Jacob 
Byerly,   John   and  Jacob  Ruthdorf,    Frederick  Williard, 

Wiesskoph  (  Whitehead ),  Abram  Schneider,   Peter 

and  Jacob  Loutzenheiser,  Hanover  Davis,  Conrad  Zulten, 
Garret  Pendegrast  and  John  Kammerer.  This  petition  is 
given  by  Butterfield,  without  the  names  of  signers,  on  pages 
300-301,  of  his  valuable  book,  "Washington  Irvine  Cor- 
respondence." 

ATTACK    ON    HANNASTOWN. 

Three  weeks  Liter,  July  13,  1782,  a  large  detachment  of 
the  aforesaid  Chatauqua  expedition  burst  upon  Flannas- 
town,  the  county  seat  of  Westmoreland.  They  burned 
the  town,  and  came  very  near  capturing  the  fort,  into 
which  a  few  of  the  frightened  settlers,  with  Michael  Huff- 
nagle,  the  prothonotary,  at  their  head,  had  fled  for  safety. 
Captain  Matthew  Jack,  by  his  courage  and  presence  of 
mind,  saved  many  lives  on  that  disastrous  day,  as  he  rode 
gallantly  from  point  to  point,  even  through  the  encompass- 
ing lines  of  whooping  savages.  Miller's  station,  near  by, 
was  raided  by  the  Indians,  and  the  greater  part  of  a  wed- 
ding party  was  captured,  including  the  wife  and  daughters 
of  Robert  Hanna.  Captain  Brownlee,  and  several  others, 
were  tomahawked,  after  being  led  captives  a  few  miles. 
Dwellings  were  destroyed,  together  with  many  horses  and 
cattle.  The  settlers  were  so  terror-stricken  that  the 
ripened  harvest  was  not  gathered  in  many  places,  and 
great  want  ensued.  Connolly,  the  renegade  Tory,  whom 
Gen.  St.  Clair  had  confined  in  the  log  jail  at  Hannastown, 
is  supposed  to  have  led  this  party,  together  with  Guya- 
sutha,  the  famous  Seneca  chief. 


W 


ir 


ill 


94 


COL.  HENR Y  BOUQUET 


;5: 


About  20  persons  were  killed  or  captured  in  this  foray. 
On  the  13th  of  July,  1882,  the  centennial  of  this  attack 
and  reinilse  of  the  Indians  and  Tories  at  Hannastown,  was 
celebrated  by  a  large  assemblage  of  Westmorelanders,  in 
the  woods  near  the  old  site  of  Hannastown.  H(jn.  Jacob 
Turney  presided,  and  made  the  opening  address.  Addresses 
were  also  made  by  Hon.  Daniel  Kane,  Judge  IJigham,  Kx- 
Senator  Cowan,  and  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort. 

RELIGIOUS    CHARACTERISTICS    OF    EARLY    SETTLERS. 

It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  amid  their  dangers  and 
hardships,  those  Teutonic  pioneers  in  old  Westmoreland 
forgot  not  the  God  of  their  fathers. 

On  May  i,  1782,  when  the  Reformed  Cffitus  (Synod) 
met  at  Reading,  Pa.,  a  petition  was  received  from  "  A 
congregation  in  Westmoreland  county,  near  Pittsburg,  in 
the  back  part  of  Pennsylvania,  a  new  settlement,  where 
no  ministers  have  yet  been."  They  "  very  earnestly  en- 
treated for  a  good  minister,  to  whom  they  i)romise  to  pay 
annually  80  pounds  sterling,  besides  other  necessaries  of 
life." 

Rev,  John  William  Weber,  having  expressed  a  willing- 
ness to  go  west  and  take  charge  of  this  mission  enterprise, 
the  Reverend  Coetus  recommended  him  and  advised  the 
Westmoreland  people  to  give  him  a  regular  call.  He  ar- 
rived in  Sept.,  1782,  and  preached  through  what  now 
constitutes  Westmoreland,  Washington  and  Fayette  coun- 
ties, and  at  Fort  Pitt,  where  the  traveler  Schopf  met  him  ii 
October,  1782.  The  congregations  at  Harolds  and  Brush 
Creek  were  organized  a  few  months  after  Rev.  Weber's 
arrival  in  Westmoreland.  Here  worshipped  the  Turneys, 
Drums,  Barnharts,  Marchands,  Trubys,  Mechlings,  Kem- 
merers,  Kifers,  Klines,  Byerlys,  Whiteheads,  Saams,  Kling- 
ensmiths,  Kunklcs,  Walthours,  Baughmans.  Thomases, 
Detars,  Harrolds,  Grosses,  Henrys,  Corts,  Keppels,  Kiehls, 
Shrums,  Painters,  and  many  other  ancestors  of  Reformed 
and  Lutheran  families. 

Previous  to  the  coming  of  Rev.  Weber  many  of  these 
German  pioneers  used  to  meet  at  the  house  of  Loutzen- 
heiser  and  Davis  to  read  the  scriptures,  sing  the  sweet 


ifr--^'-*- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


95 


hymns  of  the  (ierman  fatherland,  hear  a  sermon  read  by 
some  competent  person,  and  engage  in  other  religious  ser- 
vices as  best  they  could. 

They  frequently  carried  their  rifles  with  them,  when 
they  went  to  worshij)  in  the  early  days  of  Rev.  Weber's 
ministry.  Prowling  savages  lurked  in  the  thickets  for 
many  years.  Amid  such  perils  and  >  rivations,  those  pio- 
neer settlers  carved  out  homes  lOr  their  children  and 
turned  the  western  wilderness  of  Penn's  woods  into  a 
fruitful  field.  Surely  a  grateful  posterity  should  honor 
their  memory  and  rise  up  and  call  ihera  blessed,  while 
enjoying  the  goodly  fruits  of  their  j)ioneer  toil. 

At  a  still  earlier  date  the  Scotch- Irish,  led  by  p.^stors 
Finley,  Power,  McMillan,  Dodd,  Smith,  &c.,  occupied  the 
Sewickly  and  other  settlements,  and  already  in  1781  the 
old  Redstone  Presbytery  was  organized.  "  The  incursions 
of  savages  "  prevented  the  first  meeting  being  held  at 
Laurel  Hill,  the  appointed  place,  and  so  it  met  at  Pigeon 
Creek. 

It  is  meet,  as  already  said,  that  the  descendants  of  the 
hardy  Scotch-Irish  and  German-Swiss  should  occupy  the 
green  hills  and  fertile  valleys  of  old  Westmoreland.  By 
the  blood  and  the  sweat  and  the  toil  of  their  pioneer  an- 
cestors, this  goodly  land  has  been  rescued  from  savage 
barbarism.  Hallowed  be  the  memory  of  the  brave  men 
and  women  who  nobly  stood  in  the  breach  in  the  hour  of 
trial  and  danger. 

Pennsylvania  has  been  compared  to  a  sleeping  giant, 
net  yet  fully  conscious  of  her  vast  power  and  resources. 
With  unappreciated  modesty,  she  has  failed  to  assert  her 
riglus,  and  especially  has  she  neglected  to  cherish  aright 
the  rich  legacies  of  the  past,  bequeathed  by  an  honest  and 
patriotic  ancestry.  It  behooves  us  to  gather  up  the  his- 
toric treasures  that  rightfully  belong  to  our  grand  old 
Keystone  commonwealth. 

Our  own  self-respect  and  independent  manhood  de- 
mands this.  It  is  no  less  a  duty  to  posterity  than  a  debt 
of  gratitude  to  our  heroic  ancestry.  The  educational 
effect  will  be  stimulating  and  ennobling  in   all    respects. 


i 


w. 


m 


96 


CO  I..  HENRY  BOUQUET. 


I'or  the  sake  of  religious  prindplc,  our  forefathers  crossed 
old  ocean's  wave  and  biaved  the  dangers  of  jMoneer  life 
in  the  new  world.  In  the  midst  of  untold  perils,  they 
were  true  to  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
as  we  have  already  seen,  and  here  on  our  native  hills  was 
fought  the  decisive  L-.ttle  of  Christian  civilization  against 
heathen  barbarism. 


ADDENDA. 


Referring  back  to  page  ii,  it   is  proper  to  remark  that 
liouquet  and  Washmgton  were  i)ersonally  on  good  terms 
and  did  not  impugn  each  others  motives. 

Many  persons  will  doubtless  feel  prompted  to  contrib- 
ute toward  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  Henry  Boucji-et 
after  reading  the  record  of  his  gallant  achievements.  All 
such  will  please  send  funds  or  written  pledges  to  Tames 
Gregg,  Chairman  of  Finance  Committee,  Greensburg  Pa 
subject  to  the  disi)osal  of  the  Executive  Committee- 
Coulter,  Kline  and  Gregg— for  that  purpose. 

P.  S.— After  this   pamphlet   was  nearly  all   in  type    I 
learned  that  at  a  meeting  held  subsequent  to   June  'ig 
1883,  It  was  decided  to  invite  the  following  gentlemen  to 
address  the  meeting  at  Bushy   Run   battlefield,   Aug    6 
1S83,  viz:  *'■      ' 

Hon.  James  G.  Blaine,  of  Washington,  D.  C;  Dr.  Sam'l 
Wilson,  of  Allegheny  City,  Pa.;  (ien.  James  A.  Beaver,  of 
Belletonte  Pa.;  Hon.  William  S.  Stenger,  of  Harrisburg, 
la.;  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  of  Creencastle.  Pa.;  Wm.  M  Dar- 
lington, of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  Hon.  W.'  U.  Hensel,  of  Lan- 
caster Pa.;  Hon.  Silas  M.  Clark,  of  Indiana,  Pa.;  Hon 
Wm.  Koontz,  of  Somerset,  Pa. 

Poem.— Frank  Cowan,  Esq.,  of  Greensburg,  Pa. 

u  I'^''^-~?\  Pf'g^  54,  instead  of  ''  Schnorrbock  "  read 
bchnorr,  Vock. 


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